Musculoskeletal

Question 1

Ligamentotaxis

Answer 1

In orthopedic surgery, a technique of using continuous longitudinal force (distraction) to bring fracture fragments together. By applying longitudinal distraction force, the soft tissues surrounding the bony fragments help to facilitate reduction

Question 2

What are the benefits of / principles underlying minimally invasive osteosynthesis?

Answer 2

Avoid disturbance to fracture hematoma and tissue blood supply, avoid early fracture callus, minimize iatrogenic soft tissue surgical trauma

–> promote quicker healing times, decreased complications

Question 3

Deformity of alignment in the following anatomical planes is called??

Sagittal
Frontal
Transverse

Answer 3

Sagittal:
Procurvatum (cranial bowing)
Recurvatum (caudal bowing)

Frontal:
Varus (toward midline)
Valgus (away from midline)

Transverse:
Internal rotation
External rotation

Question 4

What view radiographs is required to assess procurvatum vs recurvatum deformity of a bone?

Answer 4

Lateral view (evaluates sagittal plane)

Question 4

What view radiographs is required to assess varus vs valgus deformity of a bone?

Answer 4

Craniocaudal / AP (evaluates frontal plane)

Question 5

What are some factors that influence the strength of the pin-bone interface?

Answer 5

Short pin working length
Increase # of pins (at cost of increased morbidity)
Large threated fixation pins (up to 25% bone diameter)
Full pins instead of half pins
Predrilling
Optimal pin placement
Pin coating type
Tapered run-out junction pin
Optimal postop activity restriction

Question 5

What size endoscope is typically used in small animal arthroscopy?

Answer 5

1.9mm
2.7mm

Question 5

What is the function of an obturator in arthroscopy?

Answer 5

Inserted into the cannula, facilitates penetration into joint (usually blunt tip) to reduce iatrogenic joint trauma

Question 6

What is the intra-articular irrigation pressure recommended for arthroscopy?

Answer 6

60 - 100mmHg
(no studies to confirm, but 60 is recommended starting point)

Question 7

The joint capsule is primary made of what type collagen?

Answer 7

Type I

Question 8

The majority of motion of the composite tarsal joint occurs through which joint?

Answer 8

Tarsocrural (95% ROM)

Question 9

What major arteries and nerves are encountered in a medial approach to the elbow joint?

Answer 9

Brachial –> median aa. + median nerve
Ulnar aa. + ulnar nerve

Question 10

Which muscles originate at the medial humeral epicondyle and cross the medial elbow joint?

Answer 10

Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Deep & superficial digital flexor