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Health Alt Final > Musculoskeletal > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Flashcards

1
Q

Tendon

A

connects muscle to bone, provides joint movement

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2
Q

Ligament

A

connects bone to bone

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3
Q

What can happen if steroids are used long-term

A

osteoporosis and fractures

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4
Q

How to prevent musculoskeletal disorders

A
  • weight bearing exercises
  • increased vit. D
  • food high in calcium, phosphorus, and protein
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5
Q

Dietary sources of calcium (dairy and nondairy)

A

Dairy: cheese, yogurt, milk
Nondairy: canned sardines/salmon, tofu, figs, dried apricots

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6
Q

Arthroscopy

A

examination of joint spaces, bones, and ligaments with a scope

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7
Q

Arthrocentesis

A

removal of synovial fluid for examination/testing

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8
Q

Goniometry

A

tool that measures ROM of a joint

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9
Q

How long does it take for a contracture to form?

A

3 days

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10
Q

Ankylosis

A

boney overgrowth that completely obliterates the joint
- prevents movement and decreases independence

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11
Q

Isometric Exercises

A

generating tension between two opposing sets of muscles
ex: flexing the lower arm while using the opposite hand to try to extend it.

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12
Q

Physical Therapist

A

assists patient to regain strength and mobility

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13
Q

Occupational Therapist

A

assists patients to recover/maintain ADLs and work skills

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14
Q

Sprain

A

partial or complete tearing of a ligament
- most common in knee, ankle, and wrist

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15
Q

Sprain Treatment

A

RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation)

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16
Q

Strain

A

pulling/tearing of a muscle, tendon, or both
- most common in the back

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17
Q

Strain s/s

A

hx of overexertion, swelling, pain, bleeding

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18
Q

Strain Treatment

A

ice, alternate heat after 48 hrs, compression, NSAIDs, time

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19
Q

Dislocation

A

stretching/tearing of ligaments with COMPLETE displacement of of the bone

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20
Q

Subluxation

A

PARTIAL dislocation

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21
Q

Fracture Etiology
(SG)

A

trauma or pathological (disease process causes bone destruction)

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22
Q

Complete Fracture
(SG)

A

bone breaks in two parts that ARE completely separated

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23
Q

Incomplete Fracture
(SG)

A

bone breaks in two parts that are NOT completely separated

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24
Q

Longitudinal Fracture
(SG)

A

when the bone breaks along the longitudinal process or length of the bone

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25
Q

Spiral Fracture
(SG)

A

the bone breaks from twisting

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26
Q

Greenstick Fracture
(SG)

A

partial bend and break of the bone
- common in kids

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27
Q

Simple Fracture
(SG)

A

break of the bone only, no tissue damage or skin breakage

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28
Q

Compound Fracture
(SG)

A

bone breaks the skin
- increased risk of infection
- emergency

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29
Q

Oblique Fracture
(SG)

A

bone breaks diagonally

30
Q

Comminuted Fracture
(SG)

A

bone shatters into >2 pieces
- emergency

31
Q

Transverse Fracture
(SG)

A

break is at a right angle to the long plane of the bone

32
Q

Elderly Fracture Considerations

A

Decreased: reaction time, vision, agility, balance, and muscle tone

33
Q

Emergency care of a fracture

A

splint it as it lies
- let pt. position it the way it feels best

34
Q

Closed Reduction
(SG)

A

manipulate the bones from the outside without surgery

35
Q

Open Reduction
(SG)

A

opening the skin with incisions to realign the bones

36
Q

Internal Fixation
(SG)

A

use of pins, nails, or metal plate to keep the bones in place

37
Q

Nursing care for internal fixation

A
  • maintain good alignment
  • prevent complication of immobility
  • control pain
38
Q

External Fixation
(SG)

A

external device/frame attached to pins that are in the bone to maintain alignment.
- in place for months to years

39
Q

Cast Care
(SG)

A
  • CMTS checks (color, motion, temperature, sensation) compare affecting to unaffected
  • may feel warm while drying (up to 24 hrs)
    -never cover a fresh cast with a blanket or put it on plastic
  • don’t put anything in the cast
40
Q

Traction
(SG)

A

aligning bone edges with weight and the body’s counter-traction

41
Q

Skeletal Traction
(SG)

A

pins, wires or tongs directly through the bone at a point distal to the fracture
- uses 10 or more pounds of weight

42
Q

Skin Traction
(SG)

A

bandage is applied to the limb below the fracture and a pull is exerted on the limb
- no more than 7-10 lbs
- continuous or intermittent

43
Q

Traction Nursing Care
(SG)

A
  • weights hanging away from the bed
  • feet not touching the foot board
  • thorough skin assessments
  • CMTS checks
44
Q

Osteomyelitis
(definition, cx, s/s, dx, tx)

A

bacterial infection of the bone
cx: staph aureus enters from a break in the skin
s/s: high fever, severe pain
dx: blood test, biopsy
tx: antibiotics, I&D, debridement, immobilization, possible amputation

45
Q

Fat Embolism
(definition, cx, s/s, nsg considerations)

A

traveling fat that escapes into circulation when venules around the break site rupture, can travel to the lungs (80% mortality rate)
cx: break in long bones, ribs, and pelvis
s/s: change in mental status/LOC, resp distress, rapid pulse, fever, petechiae
nsg consideration: put pt. in high fowlers, call rapid response

46
Q

Venous Thrombosis
(definition, cx, s/s, dx, tx, nsg actions)

A

clot in the lower extremity
cx: immobility, fracture, traction, casts
s/s: calf pain, warmth, tender, red
dx: physical assessment, homan’s sign
tx: TEDs, SCDs, ROM exercises
nsg actions: thorough calf assessment

47
Q

Compartment Syndrome
(definition, cx, s/s, tx, nsg actions)

A

external or internal pressure that restricts circulation
cx: (external) dressing, cast, (internal) swelling, fluid build-up, inflammation
s/s: severe pain unrelieved by narcotics
tx: redo cast/dressing, linear cuts in the muscle to release fluid
nsg actions: assess the 6 Ps (pain, pallor, paresthesia, pulselessness, paralysis, poikilothermia (cold to the touch)

48
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

noninflammatory degenerative joint disease that affects weight-bearing joints
- asymmetrical

49
Q

Risk factors, S/S, and Nsg care of Osteoarthritis

A

risk: heredity, aging, female, obesity, previous joint injury
s/s: aching pain, stiffness, limited mobility, deformed joints, nodules
nsg care: low impact/ strengthening/ aerobic exercises, rest, heat

50
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis
(SG)

A

rheumatoid factor in blood/synovial fluid causes muscle atrophy, stretching of tendons/ligaments, and joint instability
- autoimmune disorder
- remission and exacerbations
- symmetrical
- systemic

51
Q

S/S and Dx of Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

s/s: joint pain, edema, limited ROM and ADLs, symmetrical
Dx: hx of morning stiffness lasting >1 hr. or arthritis pain in 3 or more joints lasting >6 weeks, x-ray

52
Q

Synovectomy

A

excision of the synovial membrane of a joint
- interrupts destructive inflammatory process

53
Q

Osteotomy

A

removal of a wedge of bone to allow realignment
- typically in younger patients with osteoarthritis

54
Q

Arthroplasty
(SG)

A

joint replacement

55
Q

Total hip replacement nursing care/teaching
(SG)

A

care: CMTS checks below affected area, compare sides
teaching: it’s ok to lay on operated side, no crossing legs for 3 months, put pillow between legs when rolling, no bending past 90 degrees

56
Q

Osteoporosis

A

reduced bone density and quality due to porous bones
- no early s/s
- eventual height loss or kyphosis
- increased risk for fractures

57
Q

Vertebroplasty

A

injection of cement into the vertebra with osteoporosis to relieve pain

58
Q

Kyphoplasty

A

inflatable device inserted into the fractured vertebral body to restore height and positioning

59
Q

Osteoporosis nursing management

A
  • promote screening
  • teach benefits of a healthy lifestyle, calcium supplement and weight-bearing exercises (start teaching at 20-25 yrs old)
60
Q

Amputation Preop Care

A
  • pt. participation in decision-making
  • discuss the stages of loss/grieving
  • teach about phantom sensations
  • physical prep (muscle strengthening in unaffected side
61
Q

Amputation Postop Care

A
  • assess for hemorrhage and edema
  • apply soft dressing/stocking under prosthetic
  • encourage weight-bearing exercises and ambulation
  • assist with adjusting to new center of gravity
62
Q

Amputation Contracture Prevention

A

lie prone for 20-30 min q 3-4 hrs per day

63
Q

Clubfoot

A

congenital abnormality were foot is twisted out of the normal position
- cause is unknown

64
Q

Clubfoot Tx

A
  • frequent manipulation
  • casting
  • splints (used after casts)
  • surgery
65
Q

Clubfoot Nsg Actions

A

parent support and teaching

66
Q

Hip Dysplasia

A

head of femur is improperly seated in the acetabulum of the pelvis

67
Q

Hip Dysplasia Dx and Tx

A

Dx: ortolani maneuver, asymmetrical gluteal and thigh folds when lying with legs extended
Tx: Pavlik harness, Spica cast

68
Q

Hip Dysplasia nursing care

A
  • teach caregivers how to use the harness
  • cast care
  • teach skin assessment
  • encourage cuddling with the infant
69
Q

Pediatric Fracture Dx and Tx

A

Dx: pain, tenderness, immobility, decreased ROM, deformity, edema, (they can’t/won’t always say something, look for s/s)
Tx: retention - immobilization so healing can take place

70
Q

Scoliosis
(definition, s/s, dx, tx, nsg considerations)

A

lateral S curvature of the spine
s/s and dx: lordosis, uneven shoulders, prominent scapula, uneven hips
tx: brace (tank top is worn underneath)
nsg considerations: affects female > male, diagnoses - impaired skin integrity, decreased body image

Health Alt Final (1 decks)

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