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PDx > Musculoskeletal > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Flashcards

1
Q

Swelling and tenderness of the entire joint and limits active and passive range of motion via pain or stifness

A

Articular Disease

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2
Q

These structures include the joint capsule and articular cartilage, the synovium and synovial fluid, intra-articular ligaments and juxta-articular bone.

A

Articular Structures

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3
Q

This is comprised of collagen matrix containing charged ions and water making it dynamic to pressure or load. Essentially a cushion for underlying bone.

A

Articular Cartilage

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4
Q

This provides nutrition to adjacent (commonly avascular) articular cartilage.

A

Synovial Fluid

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5
Q

These structures include: periarticular ligaments, tendons, bursae, fascia, muscle, bone, nerve, and overlying skin.

A

Extra-articular Structures

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6
Q

Rope-like bundles of collagen fibrils that connect bone to bone

A

Ligaments

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7
Q

Tendons are collagen fibers connecting ________ to ________.

A

Muscle to Bone

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8
Q

Bursae are pouches of _________ that cushion the movement of tendons and muscles over bone or other joint structures

A

Synovial Fluid

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9
Q

This type of joint is immovable.

A

Fibrous

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10
Q

This type of joint is slightly movable.

A

Cartilaginous

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11
Q

This type of joint is freely movable.

A

Synovial

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12
Q

Knees and shoulders are examples of what kind of joint?

A

Synovial

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13
Q

Skull sutures are examples of what kind of joint?

A

Fibrous

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14
Q

Vertebral Bodies of the Spine are examples of what kind of joint?

A

Cartiliginous

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15
Q

Three types of synovial Joints?

A
  1. Spheroidal
  2. Hinge
  3. Condylar
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16
Q

The term for when a part of the body distal to the deformed part is deviated away from the body/midline (or laterally).

A

Valgus

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17
Q

The term for when a part of the body distal to the deformed part is deviated toward the body/midline (or medially).

A

Vargus

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18
Q

The root words used to describe something you are born with. (Maybe you’re born with it, maybe it’s Maybelline?)

A

“Genu” before the condition term

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19
Q

This is the sensation felt with palpitation of joints during motion that indicate irregularities in boney cartilage, soft tissue abnormalities, and fractures.

A

Crepitus

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20
Q

The hardening of a normally soft tissue or organ, especially the skin (phimosis?). This may be due to inflammation, infiltration of a neoplasm, or an accumulation of blood/fluid.

A

Induration

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21
Q

A spot that is softer than the surrounding area. Also described as”doughy.”

A

Bogginess

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22
Q

Inflammation of the tendon and surrounding synovial sheath, characterized by pain and tenderness.

(Could be caused by infection, connective tissue disorder, or inflammatory dz)

A

Tenosynovitis (#basic term)

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23
Q

Arc of measurable joint movement in a single plane.

A

Range of Motion

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24
Q

Three types of range of motion testing?

A

Active, Passive, and Resistive.

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25
Q

Movements that consist of the patient using their own muscles to complete the range of motion

A

Active ROM

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26
Q

The true way to test for passive motion is to have the patient be in __________ position.

A

Supine (They need to relax. Who isn’t relaxed on their back…?)

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27
Q

When inspecting, palpating, assessing range of motion, and performing special tests what is the most important thing to do?! (Besides knowing your anatomy)

A

Compare both sides to each other!!! Everyone’s normals are different.

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28
Q

This is the most active joint of the body (2000xday)

A

THE TMJ JOINT (Oh yes, I just said joint twice)

Temporomandibular Joint (in case we have to spell)

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29
Q

Anatomy of the TMJ

A
  1. Articular tubercle of the temporal bone
  2. Condyle of the Mandible
  3. Ear Canal
  4. Disc?!
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30
Q

The closing of the jaw/TMJ involves which muscles and what cranial nerve?

A
  1. Temporalis
  2. Internal Pterygoid
  3. Masseter

CN V

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31
Q

The opening of the jaw/TMJ uses which muscle?

A

External Pterygoid

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32
Q

How many fingers should you be able to fit between incisors?

A

THREE

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33
Q

Where do you put your fingers on a patient when checking their TMJ?

A

In front of the tragus

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34
Q

This joint is an extremely mobile joint where the HUMERUS (hahahaha) is held against the GLENOID FOSSA by the joint capsule and a meshwork of muscles, tendons, and ligaments.

A

Shoulder

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35
Q

What bones make up the shoulder joint?

A
  1. HahahaHumerus
  2. Clavicle
  3. Scapula
  4. Sternum
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36
Q

What joints make up the Shoulder joint? (I know this sounds confusing, but it’s not)

A
  1. Glenohumeral
  2. Sternoclavicular
  3. Acromioclavicular
  4. Scapulothoracic
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37
Q

Three muscle groups involved in the shoulder joint

A
  1. Axiohumeral
  2. Axioscapular
  3. Scapulohumeral
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38
Q

Look at the slides with anatomy! Know your anatomy.

A

Kthanksbye

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39
Q

When inspecting the shoulder, you start with the _____ then the _____ and then the ______.

A

Anterior; Lateral; Posterior

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40
Q

Two important questions when inspecting the shoulder?

A

Which arm/hand is dominant? Which arm/hand hurts?

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41
Q

The Scapulohumeral Muscle Group is also called the _______ muscles. What muscles do these include? What do these muscles do?

A

Rotator Cuff Muscles

SITS!!! Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, and Subscapularis

Rotates the Glenohumeral joint and depresses the head of the humerus

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41
Q

So there’s this picture that is the rotator cuff tendons looking from above. Maybe she might ask us to label it? I think we should look at this too.

A

Medial to lateral -

Subscapularis, Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor

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42
Q

The axiohumeral group of muscles all attach where? What is the primary physiological function?

A

Trunk of the Humerus; Internal Rotation of the Shoulder

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43
Q

What are the muscles of the axiohumeral group?

A

Pectoralis Major, Pectoralis Minor, and Latissimus Dorsi

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44
Q

What are the muscles of the axiohumeral group?

A

Pectoralis Major, Pectoralis Minor, and Latissimus Dorsi

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45
Q

What are the muscles of the axioscapular group?

A

Levator Scapulae; Rhomboids; Trapezius

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46
Q

When palpating the Shoulders, where do you want to begin?

A

Bony landmarks of the shoulder: Tip of Acromion; Greater Tuberosity of the Humerus; and the Coracoid Process

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47
Q

Flexion of the Shoulder = What way?

A

Arm on side and moving it 180 degrees up from the front. (in front of the body)

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48
Q

Extension of the Shoulder = What way?

A

Arm on side and goes backwards to 80degrees (behind the body)

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49
Q

Extension of the Shoulder = What way?

A

Arm on side and goes backwards to 80degrees

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50
Q

ADDuction of the shoulder

A

Lifting the arm 90 degrees in line with clavicle and bringing it over your chest

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51
Q

ADDuction of the shoulder

A

Lifting the arm 90 degrees in line with clavicle and bringing it over your chest

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52
Q

External Rotations of the shoulder

A

Both hands together with palms on back of head. Like you’re laying on a hammock.

53
Q

External Rotations of the shoulder

A

Both hands together with palms on back of head. Like you’re laying on a hammock

54
Q

What is the CrossOver Test?

A

Shoulder special test for the Acromioclavicular Joint

55
Q

What is the Neer’s Impingement Sign?

A

Raise the Patients Arm like they are asking a question. Tests Rotator Cuff

56
Q

What is the Supraspinatus Challenge Test?

A

ABducts the arms to 90 degrees with elbows extended and the arms internally rotated. The arms are placed 30 degrees anteriorly and the patient resists as the examiner forces the arms downwards.

57
Q

What is the Supraspinatus Challenge Test?

A

ABducts the arms to 90 degrees with elbows extended and the arms internally rotated. The arms are placed 30 degrees anteriorly and the patient resists as the examiner forces the arms downwards.

58
Q

What is the Drop Arm Sign?

A

Ask patient to full ABduct the arm to shoulder level and then lower it slowly.
If the patient is unable to hold the arm fully abducted or marked weakness with adduction, this makes the test positive and indicates possible rotator cuff tear.

59
Q

When inspecting the elbow, what angle should it be at?

A

70 degrees

60
Q

When inspecting the elbow, what angle should it be at?

A

70 degrees

61
Q

Flexion of the Elbow

A

Bending it the only way it can go.

62
Q

Flexion of the Elbow

A

Bending it the only way it can go.

63
Q

How do you assess supination and pronation of the forearm?

A

Put elbow at 90 degree angle and then supinate and pronate. Obviously.

64
Q

Direct trauma to the posterior elbow can cause what condition?

A

Traumatic Bursitis

65
Q

Break in the skin of the posterior elbow can cause what condition?

A

Infectious Bursitis

66
Q

What is the Tennis Elbow?

A

Lateral Epicondylitis; Extensor muscles begin at the lateral epicondyle, so when there is no joint movement in lifting these tendons can get affected. Can I get a grunt from Serena Williams? UHHHHH #Tennis

67
Q

What is Golf Elbow?

A

Medial Epicondylitis. I’m guessing the flexors are involved here? Tiger Woods? Idk.

68
Q

What is Golf Elbow?

A

Medial Epicondylitis. I’m guessing the flexors are involved here? Tiger Woods? Idk.

69
Q

Fixed flexion contracture of the hand where the fingers bend towards the palm and cannot be fully extended (straightened). It is an inherited proliferative connective tissue disorder which involves the palmar fascia of the hand. You can see the cord on the palm.

Commonly the 4th and 5th fingers more affected.

A

Dupuytren’s Contracture

70
Q

Fixed flexion contracture of the hand where the fingers bend towards the palm and cannot be fully extended (straightened). It is an inherited proliferative connective tissue disorder which involves the palmar fascia of the hand. You can see the cord on the palm

A

Dupuytren’s Contracture

71
Q

Extensor Pollicis Brevis and Extensor Pollicis Longus make up what?

A

THE SNUFFBOXXX

72
Q

What the F is FOOSH?

A

Fall Out on Stretched Hand? Scaphoid Fractures can happen this way.

Remember when you fell off your bike how you were like OH NO, I’M FALLING! HAND, SAVE ME? Yea me neither. But it’s common.

73
Q

What the F is FOOSH?

A

Fall Out on Stretched Hand? Scaphoid Fractures can happen this way.

Remember when you fell off your bike how you were like OH NO, I’M FALLING! HAND, SAVE ME? Yea me neither. But it’s common.

74
Q

What is the Finkelstein’s test?

A

Patients to flex their thumb and clench their fist over the thumb followed by ulnar deviation.

Checking for tenosynovitis

75
Q

What is the Finkelstein’s test?

A

Patients to flex their thumb and clench their fist over the thumb followed by ulnar deviation

76
Q

On the ventral surface, the Median nerve does the majority of the thumb, index, middle, and half of the ring. The radial does the lateral part of the thumb, and the Ulnar does the other half of the ring and the pinky.

A

Christmas is near, just remember that.

77
Q

On the ventral surface, the Median nerve does the majority of the thumb, index, middle, and half of the ring. The radial does the lateral part of the thumb, and the Ulnar does the other half of the ring and the pinky.

A

Christmas is near, just remember that.

78
Q

Tapping lightly over the course of the median nerve checking for a tingling pins/needles sensation.

A

Tinel’s Sign. If positive, CTS!

79
Q

Tapping lightly over the course of the median nerve checking for a tingling pins/needles sensation.

A

Tinel’s Sign. If positive, CTS!

80
Q

Heberden’s and Bouchard’s Nodes would be indicative of?

A

Osteoarthritis (Degenerative Joint Disease)

81
Q

Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Swelling

A

Bouchard’s Nodes

82
Q

Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Swelling

A

Bouchard’s Nodes

83
Q

When you see ulnar deviations at the Metcarpophalangeal (MCP) joints, what should you think?

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

84
Q

When you see ulnar deviations at the Metcarpophalangeal (MCP) joints, what should you think?

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

85
Q

When the peasant wave, their hand is in what position?

A

ABduction (Fingers not touching)

86
Q

When the peasant Princess Diana before she was a princess waved, she used to wave in her hand in what position?

A

ABduction (Fingers not touching) – This is a joke, RIP Princess Di :(

87
Q

ADduction of the thumb

A

Moving the thumb back towards the fingers/neutral position

88
Q

Tenderness and swelling develop not in the joint but along the course of the tendon sheath, from the distal phalanx to the level of the metacarpophalangeal joint .

A

Tenosynovitis – infection of the flexor tendon sheaths (may follow local injury)

Not arthritis!!!

89
Q

Painless nodule in the flexor tendon of the palm near the metacarpal head. It is too big to easily enter the tendon sheath but with effor the finger will extend and flex with a palpable audible snap.

A

Trigger Finger

90
Q

Cervical Spine Range of Motion angles

A

45 degrees!

45 degree forward and 45 backwards = flexion/extension

45 degree lateral = lateral bending

45 degree head rotations

91
Q

Cervical Spine Range of Motion angles

A

45 degrees!

45 degree forward and 45 backwards = flexion/extension

45 degree lateral = lateral bending

45 degree head rotations

92
Q

An invisible horizontal line drawn across the shoulders and the top of the iliac crests should be ____________.

A

Parallel.

93
Q

A structural, lateral curvature of the spine presenting at or about the onset of puberty and before maturity for which no cause is established.

A

Scoliosis

94
Q

An excessive inward curve of the spine. LAWD, I think my butt gettin’ bigg.

A

LORDosis. (Lorde, anyone? We will never be royals?)

95
Q

What dat dimple is over the posterior superior iliac spine?

A

Sacroiliac Joint

96
Q

What dat dimple is over the posterior superior iliac spine?

A

Sacroiliac Joint

97
Q

To check the spine’s range of motion. What are we doing for extension (Dorsiflexion)

A

Lean back 35 degrees.

98
Q

To check the spine’s range of motion. What are we doing for flexion (Anteflexion)

A

Lean forward 45 degrees

99
Q

To check the spine’s range of motion. What are we doing for lateral bending?

A

Standing straight, you have the patient move their upper body to a side lean of 30 degrees

100
Q

To check the spine’s range of motion. What are we doing for rotation

A

Standing straight ask them to rotate the upper body 45 degrees (like when you stretch)

101
Q

Where do you stand when you are testing more flexion (asking the patient to touch their toes)

A

Behind them. Do NOT say bend over.

102
Q

Know your hip anatomy

A

Hips don’t lie, Shakira, Shakira

103
Q

Know your hip anatomy

A

Hips don’t lie, Shakira, Shakira

104
Q

By having the patient lie face down (or stand) and move the thigh in a posterior direction would be checking what type of ROM for the Hip?

A

Extension

105
Q

By having the patient lie face down (or stand) and move the thigh in a posterior direction would be checking what type of ROM for the Hip?

A

Extension

106
Q

Moving the leg laterally (away from the body) will be testing what type of ROM for the Hip?

A

ABduction

107
Q

Passively flexing the hip and knee to 90 degrees, grasping the ankle and rotating the hip so that the lower leg swings laterally would be WHAT ROM OF THE HIP? Then rotating the hip so that the lower leg swings medially would be WHAT ROM OF THE HIP?

A

Internal Rotation of the Hip and External Rotation of the Hip

108
Q

Passively flexing the hip and knee to 90 degrees, grasping the ankle and rotating the hip so that the lower leg swings laterally would be WHAT ROM OF THE HIP? Then rotating the hip so that the lower leg swings medially would be WHAT ROM OF THE HIP?

A

Internal Rotation of the Hip and External Rotation of the Hip

109
Q

Pain in lumbar spine or along course of sciatic nerve (butt to posterior leg), Usually found by lifting the straight leg upwards.

A

Sciatica; Test = Straight Leg Raise (SLR) Test

110
Q

A painful disorder that is commonly due to a herniated disk pressing on the sciatic nerve root irritating the sciatic nerve .

Patients tend to complain of persistent pain from the lower back, down through the buttock and into the lower leg.

A

Sciatica

111
Q

Most common sites for herniated lumbar discs are

A

L4-L5
or
L5-S1

112
Q

Sensory testing of the medial, dorsal, and lateral aspects of the foot may detect nerve root dysfunction from?

A

L4, L5 and S1 respectively

113
Q

Get on your knees (anatomy)

A

:)

114
Q

Get on your knees (anatomy)

A

:)

115
Q

What muscles flexes the knee and extends the hip?

A

Hamstrings

  1. Semimembranosus
  2. Gracilis
  3. SARTORIUS B.I.G.
  4. Semitendinosis
116
Q

What muscles flexes the knee and extends the hip?

A

Hamstrings

  1. Semimembranosus
  2. Gracilis
  3. SARTORIUS B.I.G.
  4. Semitendinosis
117
Q

Three important landmarks of the knee to inspect?

A

Tibial Tuberosity

Medial and Lateral Femoral Condyles

118
Q

Three important landmarks of the knee to inspect?

A

Tibial Tuberosity

Medial and Lateral Femoral Condyles

119
Q

With the patient supine and the knee slightly flexed, move the thigh about 30° laterally to the side of the table. Place one hand against the lateral knee to stabilize the femur and the other hand around the medial ankle. Push medially against the knee and pull laterally at the ankle to open the knee joint on the medial side.

A

Valgus/ABduction Stress Test — Tests Medial Collateral Ligament

120
Q

With the patient supine and the knee slightly flexed, move the thigh about 30° laterally to the side of the table. Place one hand against the lateral knee to stabilize the femur and the other hand around the medial ankle. Push laterally against the knee and pull medially at the ankle to open the knee joint on the lateral side.

A

Varus/ADduction Stress Test – Tests for Lateral Collateral Ligament I think this is the definition of the test

121
Q

With the patient supine, hips flexed and knees flexed to 90° and feet flat on the table, cup your hands around the knee with the thumbs on the medial and lateral joint line.

Draw the tibia forward and observe if it slides forward from under the femur .

A

Anterior Drawer Sign – Anterior Collateral Ligament

122
Q

A maneuver to detect deficiency of the anterior cruciate ligament; with the knee flexed 20–30°, the tibia is displaced anteriorly relative to the femur; a soft endpoint or greater than 4 mm of displacement is positive (abnormal).

A

Lachman Test – Anterior Collateral Ligament

123
Q

With the patient lying flat and relaxed, the examiner bends the knee to a right angle (90 degrees). The examiner then places his fingers on the knee joint, and attempts to shift the tibia backwards.

A

Posterior Drawer Sign – Posterior Collateral Ligament

124
Q

With the patient supine, grasp the heel and flex the knee. Cup your other hand over the knee joint with fingers and thumb along the medial and lateral joint line. From the heel, rotate the lower leg internally and externally. Then push on the lateral side to apply a valgus stress on the medial side of the joint. At the same time, rotate the leg externally and slowly extend it.

A

McMurray – Medial and Lateral Meniscus

125
Q

Moving the foot inward and keeping the rest of the leg straight.

A

Eversion

126
Q

Moving the foot outward and keeping the rest of the leg straight.

A

Inversion

127
Q

Lifting your foot towards your shin

A

Dorsiflexion

128
Q

Making your foot more linear like your leg. Like when Beast from Beauty and the Beast is transforming. If you don’t know this image, do yourself a favor and educate yourself.

A

Plantarflexion

129
Q

This is the site that is most commonly injured.

A

Lateral Ankle Complex

130
Q

Approximately 90% of lateral ankle complex injuries are sprains due to

A

INVERSION. High heel sprains and such.

131
Q

Approximately 5% of lateral ankle complex injuries are sprains due to

A

EVERSION. Don’t ask me how? But it affects the deltoid or medial ligament.

PDx (4 decks)

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