Musculoskeletal Flashcards
1
Q
Swelling and tenderness of the entire joint and limits active and passive range of motion via pain or stifness
A
Articular Disease
2
Q
These structures include the joint capsule and articular cartilage, the synovium and synovial fluid, intra-articular ligaments and juxta-articular bone.
A
Articular Structures
3
Q
This is comprised of collagen matrix containing charged ions and water making it dynamic to pressure or load. Essentially a cushion for underlying bone.
A
Articular Cartilage
4
Q
This provides nutrition to adjacent (commonly avascular) articular cartilage.
A
Synovial Fluid
5
Q
These structures include: periarticular ligaments, tendons, bursae, fascia, muscle, bone, nerve, and overlying skin.
A
Extra-articular Structures
6
Q
Rope-like bundles of collagen fibrils that connect bone to bone
A
Ligaments
7
Q
Tendons are collagen fibers connecting ________ to ________.
A
Muscle to Bone
8
Q
Bursae are pouches of _________ that cushion the movement of tendons and muscles over bone or other joint structures
A
Synovial Fluid
9
Q
This type of joint is immovable.
A
Fibrous
10
Q
This type of joint is slightly movable.
A
Cartilaginous
11
Q
This type of joint is freely movable.
A
Synovial
12
Q
Knees and shoulders are examples of what kind of joint?
A
Synovial
13
Q
Skull sutures are examples of what kind of joint?
A
Fibrous
14
Q
Vertebral Bodies of the Spine are examples of what kind of joint?
A
Cartiliginous
15
Q
Three types of synovial Joints?
A
- Spheroidal
- Hinge
- Condylar
16
Q
The term for when a part of the body distal to the deformed part is deviated away from the body/midline (or laterally).
A
Valgus
17
Q
The term for when a part of the body distal to the deformed part is deviated toward the body/midline (or medially).
A
Vargus
18
Q
The root words used to describe something you are born with. (Maybe you’re born with it, maybe it’s Maybelline?)
A
“Genu” before the condition term
19
Q
This is the sensation felt with palpitation of joints during motion that indicate irregularities in boney cartilage, soft tissue abnormalities, and fractures.
A
Crepitus
20
Q
The hardening of a normally soft tissue or organ, especially the skin (phimosis?). This may be due to inflammation, infiltration of a neoplasm, or an accumulation of blood/fluid.
A
Induration
21
Q
A spot that is softer than the surrounding area. Also described as”doughy.”
A
Bogginess
22
Q
Inflammation of the tendon and surrounding synovial sheath, characterized by pain and tenderness.
(Could be caused by infection, connective tissue disorder, or inflammatory dz)
A
Tenosynovitis (#basic term)
23
Q
Arc of measurable joint movement in a single plane.
A
Range of Motion
24
Q
Three types of range of motion testing?
A
Active, Passive, and Resistive.
25
Movements that consist of the patient using their own muscles to complete the range of motion
Active ROM
26
The true way to test for passive motion is to have the patient be in __________ position.
Supine (They need to relax. Who isn't relaxed on their back...?)
27
When inspecting, palpating, assessing range of motion, and performing special tests what is the most important thing to do?! (Besides knowing your anatomy)
Compare both sides to each other!!! Everyone's normals are different.
28
This is the most active joint of the body (2000xday)
THE TMJ JOINT (Oh yes, I just said joint twice)
Temporomandibular Joint (in case we have to spell)
29
Anatomy of the TMJ
1. Articular tubercle of the temporal bone
2. Condyle of the Mandible
3. Ear Canal
4. Disc?!
30
The closing of the jaw/TMJ involves which muscles and what cranial nerve?
1. Temporalis
2. Internal Pterygoid
3. Masseter
CN V
31
The opening of the jaw/TMJ uses which muscle?
External Pterygoid
32
How many fingers should you be able to fit between incisors?
THREE
33
Where do you put your fingers on a patient when checking their TMJ?
In front of the tragus
34
This joint is an extremely mobile joint where the HUMERUS (hahahaha) is held against the GLENOID FOSSA by the joint capsule and a meshwork of muscles, tendons, and ligaments.
Shoulder
35
What bones make up the shoulder joint?
1. HahahaHumerus
2. Clavicle
3. Scapula
4. Sternum
36
What joints make up the Shoulder joint? (I know this sounds confusing, but it's not)
1. Glenohumeral
2. Sternoclavicular
3. Acromioclavicular
4. Scapulothoracic
37
Three muscle groups involved in the shoulder joint
1. Axiohumeral
2. Axioscapular
3. Scapulohumeral
38
Look at the slides with anatomy! Know your anatomy.
Kthanksbye
39
When inspecting the shoulder, you start with the _____ then the _____ and then the ______.
Anterior; Lateral; Posterior
40
Two important questions when inspecting the shoulder?
Which arm/hand is dominant? Which arm/hand hurts?
41
The Scapulohumeral Muscle Group is also called the _______ muscles. What muscles do these include? What do these muscles do?
Rotator Cuff Muscles
SITS!!! Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, and Subscapularis
Rotates the Glenohumeral joint and depresses the head of the humerus
41
So there's this picture that is the rotator cuff tendons looking from above. Maybe she might ask us to label it? I think we should look at this too.
Medial to lateral -
| Subscapularis, Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor
42
The axiohumeral group of muscles all attach where? What is the primary physiological function?
Trunk of the Humerus; Internal Rotation of the Shoulder
43
What are the muscles of the axiohumeral group?
Pectoralis Major, Pectoralis Minor, and Latissimus Dorsi
44
What are the muscles of the axiohumeral group?
Pectoralis Major, Pectoralis Minor, and Latissimus Dorsi
45
What are the muscles of the axioscapular group?
Levator Scapulae; Rhomboids; Trapezius
46
When palpating the Shoulders, where do you want to begin?
Bony landmarks of the shoulder: Tip of Acromion; Greater Tuberosity of the Humerus; and the Coracoid Process
47
Flexion of the Shoulder = What way?
Arm on side and moving it 180 degrees up from the front. (in front of the body)
48
Extension of the Shoulder = What way?
Arm on side and goes backwards to 80degrees (behind the body)
49
Extension of the Shoulder = What way?
Arm on side and goes backwards to 80degrees
50
ADDuction of the shoulder
Lifting the arm 90 degrees in line with clavicle and bringing it over your chest
51
ADDuction of the shoulder
Lifting the arm 90 degrees in line with clavicle and bringing it over your chest
52
External Rotations of the shoulder
Both hands together with palms on back of head. Like you're laying on a hammock.
53
External Rotations of the shoulder
Both hands together with palms on back of head. Like you're laying on a hammock
54
What is the CrossOver Test?
Shoulder special test for the Acromioclavicular Joint
55
What is the Neer's Impingement Sign?
Raise the Patients Arm like they are asking a question. Tests Rotator Cuff
56
What is the Supraspinatus Challenge Test?
ABducts the arms to 90 degrees with elbows extended and the arms internally rotated. The arms are placed 30 degrees anteriorly and the patient resists as the examiner forces the arms downwards.
57
What is the Supraspinatus Challenge Test?
ABducts the arms to 90 degrees with elbows extended and the arms internally rotated. The arms are placed 30 degrees anteriorly and the patient resists as the examiner forces the arms downwards.
58
What is the Drop Arm Sign?
Ask patient to full ABduct the arm to shoulder level and then lower it slowly.
If the patient is unable to hold the arm fully abducted or marked weakness with adduction, this makes the test positive and indicates possible rotator cuff tear.
59
When inspecting the elbow, what angle should it be at?
70 degrees
60
When inspecting the elbow, what angle should it be at?
70 degrees
61
Flexion of the Elbow
Bending it the only way it can go.
62
Flexion of the Elbow
Bending it the only way it can go.
63
How do you assess supination and pronation of the forearm?
Put elbow at 90 degree angle and then supinate and pronate. Obviously.
64
Direct trauma to the posterior elbow can cause what condition?
Traumatic Bursitis
65
Break in the skin of the posterior elbow can cause what condition?
Infectious Bursitis
66
What is the Tennis Elbow?
Lateral Epicondylitis; Extensor muscles begin at the lateral epicondyle, so when there is no joint movement in lifting these tendons can get affected. Can I get a grunt from Serena Williams? UHHHHH #Tennis
67
What is Golf Elbow?
Medial Epicondylitis. I'm guessing the flexors are involved here? Tiger Woods? Idk.
68
What is Golf Elbow?
Medial Epicondylitis. I'm guessing the flexors are involved here? Tiger Woods? Idk.
69
Fixed flexion contracture of the hand where the fingers bend towards the palm and cannot be fully extended (straightened). It is an inherited proliferative connective tissue disorder which involves the palmar fascia of the hand. You can see the cord on the palm.
Commonly the 4th and 5th fingers more affected.
Dupuytren's Contracture
70
Fixed flexion contracture of the hand where the fingers bend towards the palm and cannot be fully extended (straightened). It is an inherited proliferative connective tissue disorder which involves the palmar fascia of the hand. You can see the cord on the palm
Dupuytren's Contracture
71
Extensor Pollicis Brevis and Extensor Pollicis Longus make up what?
THE SNUFFBOXXX
72
What the F is FOOSH?
Fall Out on Stretched Hand? Scaphoid Fractures can happen this way.
Remember when you fell off your bike how you were like OH NO, I'M FALLING! HAND, SAVE ME? Yea me neither. But it's common.
73
What the F is FOOSH?
Fall Out on Stretched Hand? Scaphoid Fractures can happen this way.
Remember when you fell off your bike how you were like OH NO, I'M FALLING! HAND, SAVE ME? Yea me neither. But it's common.
74
What is the Finkelstein's test?
Patients to flex their thumb and clench their fist over the thumb followed by ulnar deviation.
Checking for tenosynovitis
75
What is the Finkelstein's test?
Patients to flex their thumb and clench their fist over the thumb followed by ulnar deviation
76
On the ventral surface, the Median nerve does the majority of the thumb, index, middle, and half of the ring. The radial does the lateral part of the thumb, and the Ulnar does the other half of the ring and the pinky.
Christmas is near, just remember that.
77
On the ventral surface, the Median nerve does the majority of the thumb, index, middle, and half of the ring. The radial does the lateral part of the thumb, and the Ulnar does the other half of the ring and the pinky.
Christmas is near, just remember that.
78
Tapping lightly over the course of the median nerve checking for a tingling pins/needles sensation.
Tinel's Sign. If positive, CTS!
79
Tapping lightly over the course of the median nerve checking for a tingling pins/needles sensation.
Tinel's Sign. If positive, CTS!
80
Heberden's and Bouchard's Nodes would be indicative of?
Osteoarthritis (Degenerative Joint Disease)
81
Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Swelling
Bouchard's Nodes
82
Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Swelling
Bouchard's Nodes
83
When you see ulnar deviations at the Metcarpophalangeal (MCP) joints, what should you think?
Rheumatoid Arthritis
84
When you see ulnar deviations at the Metcarpophalangeal (MCP) joints, what should you think?
Rheumatoid Arthritis
85
When the peasant wave, their hand is in what position?
ABduction (Fingers not touching)
86
When the peasant Princess Diana before she was a princess waved, she used to wave in her hand in what position?
ABduction (Fingers not touching) -- This is a joke, RIP Princess Di :(
87
ADduction of the thumb
Moving the thumb back towards the fingers/neutral position
88
Tenderness and swelling develop not in the joint but along the course of the tendon sheath, from the distal phalanx to the level of the metacarpophalangeal joint .
Tenosynovitis -- infection of the flexor tendon sheaths (may follow local injury)
Not arthritis!!!
89
Painless nodule in the flexor tendon of the palm near the metacarpal head. It is too big to easily enter the tendon sheath but with effor the finger will extend and flex with a palpable audible snap.
Trigger Finger
90
Cervical Spine Range of Motion angles
45 degrees!
45 degree forward and 45 backwards = flexion/extension
45 degree lateral = lateral bending
45 degree head rotations
91
Cervical Spine Range of Motion angles
45 degrees!
45 degree forward and 45 backwards = flexion/extension
45 degree lateral = lateral bending
45 degree head rotations
92
An invisible horizontal line drawn across the shoulders and the top of the iliac crests should be ____________.
Parallel.
93
A structural, lateral curvature of the spine presenting at or about the onset of puberty and before maturity for which no cause is established.
Scoliosis
94
An excessive inward curve of the spine. LAWD, I think my butt gettin' bigg.
LORDosis. (Lorde, anyone? We will never be royals?)
95
What dat dimple is over the posterior superior iliac spine?
Sacroiliac Joint
96
What dat dimple is over the posterior superior iliac spine?
Sacroiliac Joint
97
To check the spine's range of motion. What are we doing for extension (Dorsiflexion)
Lean back 35 degrees.
98
To check the spine's range of motion. What are we doing for flexion (Anteflexion)
Lean forward 45 degrees
99
To check the spine's range of motion. What are we doing for lateral bending?
Standing straight, you have the patient move their upper body to a side lean of 30 degrees
100
To check the spine's range of motion. What are we doing for rotation
Standing straight ask them to rotate the upper body 45 degrees (like when you stretch)
101
Where do you stand when you are testing more flexion (asking the patient to touch their toes)
Behind them. Do NOT say bend over.
102
Know your hip anatomy
Hips don't lie, Shakira, Shakira
103
Know your hip anatomy
Hips don't lie, Shakira, Shakira
104
By having the patient lie face down (or stand) and move the thigh in a posterior direction would be checking what type of ROM for the Hip?
Extension
105
By having the patient lie face down (or stand) and move the thigh in a posterior direction would be checking what type of ROM for the Hip?
Extension
106
Moving the leg laterally (away from the body) will be testing what type of ROM for the Hip?
ABduction
107
Passively flexing the hip and knee to 90 degrees, grasping the ankle and rotating the hip so that the lower leg swings laterally would be WHAT ROM OF THE HIP? Then rotating the hip so that the lower leg swings medially would be WHAT ROM OF THE HIP?
Internal Rotation of the Hip and External Rotation of the Hip
108
Passively flexing the hip and knee to 90 degrees, grasping the ankle and rotating the hip so that the lower leg swings laterally would be WHAT ROM OF THE HIP? Then rotating the hip so that the lower leg swings medially would be WHAT ROM OF THE HIP?
Internal Rotation of the Hip and External Rotation of the Hip
109
Pain in lumbar spine or along course of sciatic nerve (butt to posterior leg), Usually found by lifting the straight leg upwards.
Sciatica; Test = Straight Leg Raise (SLR) Test
110
A painful disorder that is commonly due to a herniated disk pressing on the sciatic nerve root irritating the sciatic nerve .
Patients tend to complain of persistent pain from the lower back, down through the buttock and into the lower leg.
Sciatica
111
Most common sites for herniated lumbar discs are
L4-L5
or
L5-S1
112
Sensory testing of the medial, dorsal, and lateral aspects of the foot may detect nerve root dysfunction from?
L4, L5 and S1 respectively
113
Get on your knees (anatomy)
:)
114
Get on your knees (anatomy)
:)
115
What muscles flexes the knee and extends the hip?
Hamstrings
1. Semimembranosus
2. Gracilis
3. SARTORIUS B.I.G.
4. Semitendinosis
116
What muscles flexes the knee and extends the hip?
Hamstrings
1. Semimembranosus
2. Gracilis
3. SARTORIUS B.I.G.
4. Semitendinosis
117
Three important landmarks of the knee to inspect?
Tibial Tuberosity
| Medial and Lateral Femoral Condyles
118
Three important landmarks of the knee to inspect?
Tibial Tuberosity
| Medial and Lateral Femoral Condyles
119
With the patient supine and the knee slightly flexed, move the thigh about 30° laterally to the side of the table. Place one hand against the lateral knee to stabilize the femur and the other hand around the medial ankle. Push medially against the knee and pull laterally at the ankle to open the knee joint on the medial side.
Valgus/ABduction Stress Test --- Tests Medial Collateral Ligament
120
With the patient supine and the knee slightly flexed, move the thigh about 30° laterally to the side of the table. Place one hand against the lateral knee to stabilize the femur and the other hand around the medial ankle. Push laterally against the knee and pull medially at the ankle to open the knee joint on the lateral side.
Varus/ADduction Stress Test -- Tests for Lateral Collateral Ligament ****I think this is the definition of the test****
121
With the patient supine, hips flexed and knees flexed to 90° and feet flat on the table, cup your hands around the knee with the thumbs on the medial and lateral joint line.
Draw the tibia forward and observe if it slides forward from under the femur .
Anterior Drawer Sign -- Anterior Collateral Ligament
122
A maneuver to detect deficiency of the anterior cruciate ligament; with the knee flexed 20–30°, the tibia is displaced anteriorly relative to the femur; a soft endpoint or greater than 4 mm of displacement is positive (abnormal).
Lachman Test -- Anterior Collateral Ligament
123
With the patient lying flat and relaxed, the examiner bends the knee to a right angle (90 degrees). The examiner then places his fingers on the knee joint, and attempts to shift the tibia backwards.
Posterior Drawer Sign -- Posterior Collateral Ligament
124
With the patient supine, grasp the heel and flex the knee. Cup your other hand over the knee joint with fingers and thumb along the medial and lateral joint line. From the heel, rotate the lower leg internally and externally. Then push on the lateral side to apply a valgus stress on the medial side of the joint. At the same time, rotate the leg externally and slowly extend it.
McMurray -- Medial and Lateral Meniscus
125
Moving the foot inward and keeping the rest of the leg straight.
Eversion
126
Moving the foot outward and keeping the rest of the leg straight.
Inversion
127
Lifting your foot towards your shin
Dorsiflexion
128
Making your foot more linear like your leg. Like when Beast from Beauty and the Beast is transforming. If you don't know this image, do yourself a favor and educate yourself.
Plantarflexion
129
This is the site that is most commonly injured.
Lateral Ankle Complex
130
Approximately 90% of lateral ankle complex injuries are sprains due to
INVERSION. High heel sprains and such.
131
Approximately 5% of lateral ankle complex injuries are sprains due to
EVERSION. Don't ask me how? But it affects the deltoid or medial ligament.
