Musculoskeletal

Question 1

What is the dogs dental formula?

Answer 1

Upper: 3-1-4-2
Lower: 3-1-4-3

Question 2

What is the cats dental formula?

Answer 2

Upper: 3-1-3-1
Lower: 3-1-2-1

Question 3

What is the horses dental formula?

Answer 3

Upper: 3-1(0)-4-3
Lower: 3-1(0)-3-3

Question 4

What is the largest sinus in the horse and what is it divided into?

Answer 4

Maxillary sinus; rostral and caudal

Question 5

What teeth of the horse are rooted in the either compartment of the maxillary sinus (varies with age)?

Answer 5

<1yr: Rostral - PM4. Caudal - M1
4-6yr: Rostral - PM4, M1. Caudal - M2, M3
>6y: Rostral - M1 +/- PM4 +/- M2. Caudal - M3 +/- M2

Question 6

What is the caudal projection of the acromion in cats?

Answer 6

Suprahamate process

Question 7

At the distal aspect of the humerus in cats, what anatomical structure is there and what passes through it?

Answer 7

Supracondylar foramen; median nerve and brachial artery

Question 8

What are the main components of the common calcaneal tendon, where does it attach, and what is the difference in cats?

Answer 8

Main componenets= Superficial digital flexor, Gastrocnemius, common calcaneal tendon.
Calcaneal tuborosity.
Soleus is part of it in cats.

Question 9

What are the two types of synarthroses?

Answer 9

Fibrous and cartilagenous

Question 10

What type of joint is a fibrous joint and what are the 3 sub types?

Answer 10

Synarthroses:

1) Suture
2) Syndesmoses: short ligament like between MC II and III
3) Gomphosis: tooth to alveolar bone

Question 11

What type of joint is a cartilagenous joint and what are the 2 sub types?

Answer 11

Synarthroses:

1) Synchondrosis: growth plate or between skull and hyoid apparatus.
2) Symphasis

Question 12

What is a synovial joint called and what are the 3 main components.

Answer 12

Diarthrosis. Articular surface, synovia membrane, synovial fluid.

Question 13

What is the nuchal ligament?

Answer 13

Cranial continuation of supraspinous ligament. Not in cats or pigs.

Question 14

What are the 3 main ligaments of C1-C2?

Answer 14

Dorsal atlantoaxial ligament.
Apical ligament of the dens.
Transverse atlantal ligament.

Question 15

What are the 5 main ligaments of the spine?

Answer 15

Dorsal longitudinal: floor of vertebral column.
Ventral longitudinal: ventral vertebral bodies.
Supraspinous ligament.
Interspinous ligaments.
Yellow ligaments: between arches of adjacent vertebrae.

Question 16

What are the 4 main ligaments of the ribs?

Answer 16

Intercapital: one rib head to the other over the discs.
Ligament of the rib head: From head to disc.
Ligament of the tubercle: Strongest- from joint to transverse process.
Ligament of the neck: Neck to ventral transverse process and adjacent body.

Question 17

What are the 4 zones of bone growth?

Answer 17

1) Germinal/Resting zone
2) Proliferative Zone: mitotic chondrocytes
3) Hypertrophic Zone: chondrocytes mature and enlarge; avascular. Calcification starts.
4) Zone of Endochondral Ossification: Thin zone of dying cells. Osteoblasts lay bone matrix.

Question 18

What two factors make bone solid/strong?

Answer 18

hydroxyappetite and collagen Type 1 (most abundant protein)

Question 19

What are the two types of bone marrow?

Answer 19

Yellow: ossium flava; mostly fat
Red: ossium rubra; in fetus and newborn->RBCs

Question 20

When does the humeral condyle completely ossify?

Answer 20

12wk

Question 21

What kind of dentition do most mammals have

Answer 21

Heterodonty

Question 22

What kind of dentition do horses and cows have?

Answer 22

Hypsodont

Question 23

Describe the dog carpal bones

Answer 23

RI, U, Acc

1-4

Question 24

Describe the equine carpal/metacarpal bones

Answer 24

R, I, U, Acc
~1,2-4
MC: 2, 3, 4

Question 25

Describe the bovine carpal/metacarpal bones

Answer 25

R, I, U, Acc
2+3, 4
MC: III/IV, 5 (tiny)

Question 26

Describe the pig carpal/metacarpal bones

Answer 26

R, I, U, Acc
1-4
MC: 2-5

Question 27

What is the only species where central and 4th tarsal bone fused?

Answer 27

bovine