musculocutaneous (definitions) Flashcards by Katrina Aguila

sensory/perceptual system (afferents)

provide sensory information about the body and environment

-gathers information from your body and environment, like touch, temperature, and balance

-it helps your brain understand what’s happening around and inside you

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cognitive system

the attention, planning, problem solving, motivation, and emotional aspects of motor control

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motor/action (efferents)

this system is in charge of moving your muscles. It includes the nerves and muscles that carry out the movements of your brain plans

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motor units

basic functional units of skeletal muscle

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functional motor units

the higher centers of the nervous system and the effector organs of movement

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what information does precision medicine include?

person’s genes
proteins
environment
lifestyle
age

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primary motor cortex

controls speed and force to movement

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supplemental motor area

involved in pre-planning movement

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premotor cortex

visually guided movements

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cerebellum

coordinates movements based on accuracy, timing, and intensity

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basal ganglia

controls posture and adaptation to varying tasks or environments

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what composes the execution structures for movement

musculoskeletal system

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what is one motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

motor unit

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what are the two main periods of prenatal for gestation and development? and what are the time ranges?

embryonic: 0-60 (approx. 2 months or 8 weeks)

fetal period: day 60 and on

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stages of early development:

fertilization - day ___

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stages of early development:

implantation - day ___

6/7

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stages of early development:

gastrulation - day ___

15/16

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gastrulation

single-layered blastula is reorganized into a three layer structure

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what is the three layers of the gastrula

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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what is embryogenesis and when is it complete?

the process by which a fertilized egg develops into an embryo

eight weeks after fertilization when all limb structures are present

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what layer does the muscular system develop from?

mesoderm

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what are type 1 muscle fibers and when does it happen during gestation?

slow twitch

21 weeks gestation

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what are type 2 muscle fibers and when does it happen during gestation?

fast twitch
30 weeks of gestation

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when are skeletal muscles are developed?

birth

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at birth, muscle mass is only ____ of total body mass

25%

for males, from ages 2-16 years, there is a ____ fold increase in fiber number

until when does fiber size and strength increase for males?

until adolescence

from 5-17 years for MALES: muscle mass increase from ____ to _____ % of total body mass

41-53

there is a _____ fold increase in fiber number after birth for females...

compared to males, females have a more rapid _____ in fiber ____ compared to males..

increase, size

what age range does fiber size peak for females?

3-10 years

for females 5-17 years, muscle mass increases from ____ to _____ % of total body mass

41-42

what is the length-tension relationship?

muscle lengthen as bones grows

true or false: males have rapid increase in strength and endurance throughout entirety of adolescence

true

when do females have peak strength?

onset of puberty

when is peak strength seen in young adulthood?

20-30s

what age does muscle strength decline? and which each decade, how much of muscle mass is lost?

30 5%

what age does coordination decline?

30s

when is there a steady decline in strength and impaired function?

between 50-70, there is a _____% decline in strength?

30%

when is there a rapid decline in strength?

70s

what is sarcopenia?

loss of muscle mass and function

there is a decrease in what three factors during sarcopenia?

1. number of fibers 2. mass of fibers 3. number of functional motor units

what is senile muscular atrophy?

muscle wasting

where is there a greater decline for older adults in the body?

trunk and lower extremities

what three muscles are included in the pattern of muscle weakness for older adults?

back abdominals quads

what is diaphysis

shaft of long bone

what is epiphysis

end of long bone

epiphyseal plate

area where bone grows

epiphyseal lines

area where epiphyseal plates have fused together

what is mesenchyme?

where all bones and cartilage develop from

what weeks do bone and cartilage differentiate + bone develops?

3-8th week

what week does mesenchymal cells condense and differentiate? and what differentiation occurs first? LE or UE?

5th week UE

when do chondrocytes form the cartilage of long bones?

6th week

when is the development of secondary ossification center?

after birth

when is primary ossification center?

before birth (7-11 week)

what ossification center forms diaphysis?

primary

what ossification center form cartilaginous?

secondary

where do most bone fractures occur?

epiphysis

which regions of the spine are primary curves? and when are they formed?

thoracic and sacral at birth

what regions of the spine are secondary curves? and when are they formed?

cervical and lumbar formed through weight bearing

what are some ways bone age is estimated? and how is scoliosis?

single x ray of the left wrist, hand, and fingers x-raying iliac crests (Risser Sign)

what is bone growth influenced by?

genetics, health, and nutrition

bone remodeling can be driven through what two factors?

weight bearing and movement

what do sutures do?

hold together the bones that form the skull

what are fontanelles?

soft areas where the bone has not fused yet

when does fontanelles close posteriorly?

2-3 months

when does fontanelles close anteriorly?

12-18 months

what is craniosynostosis?

premature closure of sutures

when is cranial orthoses not helpful?

after 18 months

what does bone remodeling and growth depend on?

hormones, physical activity and nutrition

when is the growth spurt for skeletal changes in girls?

12-14

when is the growth spurt for skeletal changes for boys

14-15 years

true or false: trunk grows before legs

true

what does improper length-tension relationship lead to?

decreased muscle flexibility

cranial bones have complete fusion at ____ months?

all epiphyseal growth plates are closed at age ____?

the use of _____ is contraindicated over epiphyseal areas in children or where there remains open growth plates?

ultrasound

with what three factors does bone remodeling and density increase with?

1. weight bearing 2. muscular contraction 3. adequate nutrition and calcium

what is the peak for bone mass?

peak during late 20s-early 30s

when does bone mass remain stable?

30-50 years

bone resorption exceeds bone formation after ___?

loss of bone mass is associated with decrease in ______?

estrogen

osteopenia is not low enough to be ____?

bone loss to where bone mineral density is lower than normal, but not low enough to be osteoporosis