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ESA 2 > Musculo-skeletal System > Flashcards

Musculo-skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the skeleton divided into?

A

Axial and appendicular skeleton

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2
Q

What is the axial skeleton comprised of and what is its function?

A 
Skull
Vertebral column
Sternum
Ribs
Protection
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3
Q

What does the axial skeleton form?

A

Longitudinal axis of the body

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4
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton comprised of and what is its function?

A

Upper and lower extremities
Pectoral and pelvic girdle
Movement

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5
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

Shaft of long bone

Formed from primary ossification centre

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6
Q

What is the epiphysis

A

Ends of long bone

Secondary ossification centres

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7
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate and what is its function?

A

Separates diaphysis and epiphysis
Thin layer of cartilage
Becomes epiphyseal line in adult bone

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8
Q

What is the metaphysis

A

The ends of the diaphysis

Where bone growth occurs

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9
Q

List 6 functions of the skeleton

A 
Support
Protection
Anchor/lever for movement
Mineral store (Ca)
Haemopoiesic (RBC production)
Lipid storage in emergencies (Yellow bone marrow)
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10
Q

List the 5 classifications of bones

A 
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid bones
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11
Q

List the features of a long bone and give examples

A

Head, shaft and base

Femur, phylanges of finger

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12
Q

Give an example of a short (cuboidal) bone

A

Calcaneus of heel

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13
Q

Give an example of irregular bone

A

Sphenoid (in skull)

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14
Q

GGive an example of a flat bone

A

Pariental bone (skull)

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15
Q

Give an example of a sesamoid bone

A

Patella (knee cap)

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16
Q

What are pneumatic bones?

A

Bones with sinuses (air pockets)

Usually found in the face

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17
Q

What are accessory bones?

A

Bones formed when long bones don’t fully fuse

18
Q

What is a joint?

A

Where 2 or bones articulate

19
Q

How are joints classified?

A

Structure and movements

20
Q

What are the three main types of joint?

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

21
Q

How much movement do fibrous joints allow?

A

None

22
Q

How much movement do cartilaginous joints allow?

A

Very little

23
Q

How much movement do synovial joints allow?

A

A variety

24
Q

List 3 features of fibrous sutures joints

A

Only between bones of skull
Joined by fibrous tissue
Limited movement until 20yrs old

25
Q

List 3 features of fibrous gomphoses joints

A

Between teeth and maxillae
Minimal movement
Periodental ligament connects

26
Q

What are fibrous syndesmoses joints held together by and list 2 examples.

A

Interosseous membrane
Middle tibiofibular joint
Middle radio-ulnar joint

27
Q

What is common during injuries involving syndesmoses joints?

A

Injure both bones present due to twisting motion

28
Q

What are cartilaginous synchondroses joints held together by and give an example?

A

Hyelin cartilage

Sterno-costal joints (ribs to sternum)

29
Q

What structure does cartilaginous synchondroses form within long bone?

A

Epiphyseal plate between diaphyses and epiphysis in growing bone
Temporary with no movement

30
Q

List 3 features of a cartilaginous sympheses joint

A

Ends of bones have hyaline cartilage
Cones joined by fibrocartilage disc and ligaments
Limited movement

31
Q

List 4 locations where a cartilaginous syphyses joint may be found

A

Pubic symphysis
Manubriosternal joint
Vertebral bodies
Sacro-coccygeal joint (spine)

32
Q

List 4 features of a typical synovial joint

A

Articular capsule: Fibrous capsule, synovial membrane
Articular cartilage
Synovial fluid

33
Q

What are the 10 movements that synovial joints can make?

A 
Flexion and Extension
Abduction (raise/move away from body) and Adduction (lower/move towards body/together)
Internal rotation and External rotation
Circumduction
Gliding
34
Q

What are the7 types of synovial joint?

A 
Hinge
Condylar
Ellipsoid (circumduction)
Saddle (Concave and convex joint surfaces)
Pivot (rotation)
Ball and socket (all movement)
Plane (glide)
35
Q

What do synovial hinge joints allow?

A

Flexion and extension

Uniaxial

36
Q

What do synovial condylar joints allow?

A

Flexion, extension, rotation
Uniaxial
Knee joint (cruciate ligaments and bursa too)
Temporomadibular joint

37
Q

What do synovial ellipsoid joints allow?

A

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
Bi-axial
Wrist, metacapophylangeal joints (and toes)

38
Q

What do synovial saddle joints allow?

A

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, some axial rotation
Biaxial
1st Carpometacarpel joint, ankle

39
Q

What do synovial pivot joints allow?

A

Rotation
Uni-axial
Superior and inferior radio-ulnar

40
Q

What do synovial ball and socket joints allow?

A

All but gliding
Multiaxial
Hip, shoulder

41
Q

What do synovial plane joints allow?

A

Gliding only

Sarco-illiac joint

42
Q

What effects the stability of a joint?

A

The strength of ligaments
Muscle tone
The size and shape of bones

ESA 2 (2 decks)

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