Musculo. injuries 2

Question 1

what is the lower quadrant scan?

Answer 1

a scanning examination is used to determine if we are dealing with a lower quadrant problem or spinal injury

Question 2

what does SOAP stand for?

Answer 2

subjective
observation
analysis
plan

Question 3

what is a subjective examination?

Answer 3

the patient history, asking questions such as where is the pain coming from..

Question 4

what are 7 important pieces of information to obtain?

Answer 4

1. history of present injury
2. mechanism of injury
3. area of symptom
4. behavior of symptoms
5. aggravating factors
6. easing factors
7. past medical history

Question 5

what is a valsalva movement?

Answer 5

a sudden increase in abdominal pressure brought on by things such as a sneeze

Question 6

what are 8 questions would you want to ask to rule out spinal cord involvement?

Answer 6

1. bowel and bladder dysfunction
2. bilateral or quadrilateral paresthesia (same time)
3. hyper-reflexia below the level of lesion
4. Hypo-flexia at the level of lesion
5. point at the areas of pain, if below L1 and L2 (where the spinal cord stops)
6. . babinski reflex present
7. clonus below the level of lesion

Question 7

at what level does the spinal cord stop?

Answer 7

L1, L2

Question 8

after the spinal cord stops what is the structure called?

Answer 8

cauda equina

Question 9

what is cauda equina sometimes referred to as?

Answer 9

horse tail

Question 10

what are the four signs of a cauda equina injury?

Answer 10

1. saddle area anesthesia
2. bowl and bladder dysfunction
3. hypoflexia or areflexia (little or no reflexes)
4. positive dural signs

Question 11

what do you do for the objective examination?

Answer 11

inspect the architectural design anteriorly, posteriorly and laterally

Question 12

when examining the spine do we usually use passive or active ROM?

Answer 12

active. Passive is unrealistic

Question 13

when going through active ROM with a client what are you looking for?

Answer 13

pain or discomfort

Question 14

if pain is not present during the active ROM of the lumbar region what should we suspect?

Answer 14

the source of pain is not the spine

Question 15

How do we produce the end feel?

Answer 15

assess the same movements as the active ROM but the examiner adds over pressure assessing the end feel

Question 16

when is the only time you assess the end feel?

Answer 16

when there is no pain or discomfort when going through the active ROM

Question 17

what is the end feel?

Answer 17

different sensations are imparted to the hand at the extremes of range, this sensation is defined as the end feel

Question 18

what are the 6 types of end feel?

Answer 18

1. bone to bone end feel
2. spasm end feel
3. capsular end feel
4. springy block end feel
5. soft tissue approximation end feel
6. empty end feel

Question 19

what is bone to bone end feel, include an example

Answer 19

an abrupt halt to the movement when two hard surfaces meet

ex. elbow extension

Question 20

what is spasm end feel, include example

Answer 20

a sudden stop or the sensation of vibrant twang (elastic) to passive movement, often accompanied by pain. this is a protective mechanism to prevent injury
ex.

Question 21

what is capsular end feel

Answer 21

sensation like a thick piece of leather is being stretched

Question 22

what is springy block end feel

Answer 22

a rebound sensation is felt

Question 23

what is soft tissue approximation end feel

Answer 23

joint cannot be pushed any further one part of the body hist another
ex. elbow flexion, muscle gets in the way

Question 24

what is empty end feel

Answer 24

movement cause considerable pain befpre the extreme of the range is reached