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Btec sport U1 > Muscular system > Flashcards

Muscular system Flashcards

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Sports Trivia flashcards
1
Q

What is an agonist?

A

A muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint

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2
Q

What is a tendon?

A

A fibrous tissue that attaches a muscle to bone

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3
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

A muscle that opposes the agonist providing resistance for coordinated movement

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4
Q

What is a fixator

A

A muscle that stabilises one part of a body while another moves

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5
Q

What term is used to describe a pair of muscles that work together?

A

Antagonistic pair

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6
Q

What is an isotonic muscle contraction?

A

A muscle contraction where the muscle changes length during its contraction

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7
Q

Name the two types of isotonic muscle contraction

A

Concentric
Eccentric

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8
Q

What is a concentric muscle contraction?

A

When a muscle shortens producing tension

This produces the force to pull two bones closer together causing joint movement

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9
Q

What is an eccentric muscle contraction?

A

When a muscle lengthens producing tension

This resists forces such as gravity to control joint movement

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10
Q

What is an isometric muscle contraction?

A

When a muscle contracts but does not change length

Posture is maintained by muscles isometrically contracting

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11
Q

What does DOMS stand for?

A

Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness

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12
Q

What is DOMS?

A

Pain and stiffness felt in the muscle which peaks 24-72 hours after exercise, associates with eccentric muscle contractions

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13
Q

Where can you find the tibialis anterior

What movement does it produce?

A

In the front of the shin

It dorsiflexes your foot

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14
Q

Where can you find the gastrocnemius?

What movement does it produce?

A

In the back of the lower leg (calf)

It plantarflexes the foot

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15
Q

What movements do the hamstrings produce?

A

Flexion of the knee

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16
Q

What movements do the quadriceps produce?

A

Extension of the knee

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17
Q

Where can you find the gluteus maximus?

A

In the bum

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18
Q

What movement does the gluteus maximum produce?

A

Extension of the hip

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19
Q

Where can you find the adductor muscles?

A

On the inside of the upper leg

From the pelvis to the femur

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20
Q

What movement do the adductor muscles produce?

A

Adduction of the hip

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21
Q

Where can you find the deltoid muscle?

A

In the shoulder

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22
Q

What movement does the deltoid produce?

A

Abduction of the shoulder

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23
Q

Where is the latissimus dorsi?

A

Side of the back

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24
Q

What movement does the latissimus dorsi produce?

A

Adduction of the arm

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25
Q

Where can you find the pectoral muscles?

A

In the chest

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26
Q

Which muscle dorsiflexes the ankle?

A

Tibialis anterior

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27
Q

Which muscle plantarflexes the ankle?

A

Gastrocnemius

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28
Q

Which muscles flex the knee?

A

Hamstrings

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29
Q

Where can you find a cardiac muscle

A

in the walls of the heart

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30
Q

Characteristics of the cardiac muscles

A

Works continuously
Involuntary (not under conscious control)
NEVER fatigues even when you exercise

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31
Q

Where can you find Smooth muscles

A

Walls of digestive system & blood vessels

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32
Q

Characteristics of Smooth muscles

A

Involuntary muscle
Works without conscious control

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33
Q

Purpose of smooth muscles

A

Helps regulate digestion & blood pressure

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34
Q

Characteristics of skeletal muscles

A

Striped or straited muscle
Voluntary actions
Under conscious control
Becomes fatigued during exercise

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35
Q

What is pronation

A

spinning of the wrists from palms up to palms down

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36
Q

What is supination

A

Spinning of wrists from palms down to palms up

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37
Q

Tendons connect what

A

Bone to muscle

38
Q

Ligaments connect what

A

Bone to bone

39
Q

What is a Synergists

A

A muscle that assists the agonist muscle or “primary mover” for a specific action at a joint.

40
Q

What is a Fixator

A

stops unwanted movement, stabilise the origin

41
Q

what is an Isotonic contraction

A

Muscles contracts that create movement

42
Q

What is a Concentric contraction

A

the upward phase of the movement e.i. the hard part

43
Q

What happens to the muscle in a concentric contraction

A

Shorter and wider

44
Q

What is an eccentric contraction

A

The downward phase e.i. negatives

45
Q

What happens to the muscle in a eccentric contraction

A

longer and thinner

46
Q

What is an isometric contraction

A

A muscle contracts but no movement

47
Q

Different Muscle fibers

A

Type I
Type IIa
Type 11x

48
Q

Type I characteristics

A

Slow twitch
Contract slowly
Less force
Aerobic activity- rich blood supply & many mitochondria
hardly fatigues

49
Q

What is type I fibers best for

A

Long distance, low intensity

50
Q

Type IIa fiber characteristics

A

Fast twitch
Fast contracting
Contract with decent force
Resistant to fatigue- less reliant on oxygen supply by the blood
Fatigues faster than slow twitch

51
Q

What is Type II fibers best for

A

Game sports - football, Rugby, hockey

52
Q

Type IIx fiber characteristics

A

Super-fast twitch
Contract rapidly
Large amounts of force
Fatigues more easily
depends entirely on aerobic respiration

53
Q

What is best suited to Type IIx fibers

A

Anaerobic sports
Weight lifting
Sprints

54
Q

What are the muscular systems short term responses to exercise

A

Increased blood supply to the muscles
Increased Muscle temperature
Increased muscle pliability
Lactate accumulation
Microtears
DOMS

55
Q

Describe increased blood supply to the muscles

A

When we exercise there is an increased need for oxygen because oxygen is needed for energy.

Vasodilation also happens to allow more blood into muscle

56
Q

Describe an increase in muscle temperature

A

When we produce energy it creates heat. The more you exercise the more energy you need to produce so more heat is produced.

57
Q

Describe muscle pliability

A

Warmer muscles make muscles more pliable/ flexible
Less likely to suffer from injuries

58
Q

Describe Lactate accumulation

A

Build up of lactic acid occurs when anaerobic exercise has taken place
Causing burning & fatigue in muscles
Waste product of anaerobic exercise
Impedes muscular contraction

59
Q

Describe DOMS

A

Delayed onset muscle soreness
24-48 hrs after exercise
Pain occurs next day; lasts up to 3 days
DOMS caused by microtears to the muscle

59
Q

Describe microtears

A

During resistance training; muscles put under stress
Causes tiny tears in the muscle fibres. When these are filled in with protein they overflow causing muscle growth

60
Q

Adaptations to the muscular system

A

Hypertrophy
Increase Tendon
Increase in Mitochondria
Increase in Myoglobin
Increase in Glycogen store
Improved use of energy source
Increase tolerance to lactate

61
Q

Describe hypertrophy

A

Overloading muscles through resistance training will increase muscle size & strength
Muscle fibres become bigger due to increased protein in the muscle cells

62
Q

Describe Increased tendon strength

A

Ligaments & tendons around the joints become stronger & increase flexibility
Cartilage becomes thicker (release of synovial fluid increases nutrients to articular cartilage)

63
Q

Describe Increased number & size mitochondria

A

Muscle fibres increase in size during resistance training
Due to this increase, more space for increased number & size of mitochondria
Results in muscles being able to produce more aerobic energy

64
Q

Describe Increased myoglobin stores

A

A type of haemoglobin found exclusively in the muscles
Responsible for binding & storing blood in the muscle
Training- increases the myoglobin stored in muscles
More energy as myoglobin transport the oxygen to the mitochondria

65
Q

Describe Increase storage of glycogen

A

Stored form of glucose
Body needs a steady supply of glycogen to produce energy
Exercise enables body to store more glycogen
Ability to train at higher intensities for longer

66
Q

Describe Increase storage of fat

A

Fat stores are used to produce energy through aerobic glycolysis
Highly trained athletes can access the fats more efficiently
Break them into fatty acids & into energy with oxygen
Energy produced this way when carbohydrates are scarce

67
Q

Describe Increased tolerance to lactate

A

Anaerobic training helps muscles tolerate lactic acid better & remove it more efficiently
Endurance training; capillaries increase allowing more blood with oxygen & nutrients to be able to be transported to the muscle
Muscles more able to use fats as fuel, greater efficiency at using oxygen
Increased ability to work harder for longer without fatigue
Increase on VO2max

68
Q

How does age effect muscular system

A

Muscle mass decreases- Sarcopenia
Muscles become smaller, resulting in less strength & power

This starts at the age 50

69
Q

What is Cramp

A

Sudden involuntary contraction of the muscle - like a spasm

Painful & can be prompted by exercise

70
Q

How long can Cramp last

A

few seconds to 10 minutes

71
Q

What can cause Cramp

A

Lack of salt/electrolyte

Dehydration

72
Q

How to prevent Cramp

A

Drink plenty of fluid and stretching

73
Q

Function of Bicep

A

Flexion of the lower arm at the elbow

74
Q

Function of the tricep

A

Extends lower arm

75
Q

Trapezius purpose

A

Elevates and Depresses Scapula

76
Q

Wrist Flexors purpose

A

Flexion of the hand at the wrist

77
Q

Wrist extensors purpose

A

Extension or straightening of the hand at the wrist

78
Q

Deltoid purpose

A

abducts, flexes and extends the upper arm

79
Q

Pectorals purpose

A

Flexes and extends upper arm

80
Q

Latissimus Dorsi purpose

A

Extends and adducts lower arm

81
Q

Obliques purpose

A

Lateral flexion of the trunk

82
Q

Abdominals purpose

A

Flexion and rotation of the lumbar region

83
Q

Erector spinae purpose

A

Extension of the spine

84
Q

Gluteals purpose

A

Extends thigh

85
Q

Quadriceps purpose

A

Extends lower leg

86
Q

Hamstring purpose

A

Flexes lower leg

87
Q

Hip flexor purpose

A

Flexion of hip joint (lifting thigh at hip)

88
Q

Tibialis Anterior purpose

A

Dorsiflexion of the foot

89
Q

Soleus purpose

A

Plantar Flexion

90
Q

Gastrocnemius purpose

A

Plantar flexion

91
Q

Antagonistic pair of Bicep

A

Tricep

Btec sport U1 (3 decks)

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