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ANAPHY > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

How does the muscular system contribute to homeostasis? Mention the functions.

A

P-S-S-G
* Producing body movements
* Stabilizing body position
* Storing and moving substances within the body
* Generating heat

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2
Q

Bones can move body parts by themselves. T or F.

A

F. Muscular system is needed.

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3
Q

How many percentage of muscle make-up the total adult body weight?

A

40-50%

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4
Q

Ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals

A

Excitability

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5
Q

Electrical signals are also known as?

A

Action Potentials

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6
Q

Arising in the muscular tissue itself, as in the heart’s pacemaker

A

Autorhythmic electrical signals

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7
Q

Neurotransmitters released by neurons, hormones distributed by the blood, or even local changes in pH

A

Chemical stimuli

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8
Q

What causes the inversion of image in our eyes?

A

Lens

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9
Q

When you cannot smell, you can still differentiate tastes of foods. T/F

A

F

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10
Q

How many degrees is the peripheral vision of the eyes?

A

120 degrees but for some people, they can see until 180 degrees

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11
Q

Tears are released from the ___?

A

Tear ducts

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12
Q

Spicy is NOT a taste, but its pungency is actually ___.

A

PAIN

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13
Q

Ability of muscular tissue to contract forcefully when stimulated by an action potential

A

Contractility

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14
Q

Ability to stretch without being damaged

A

Extensibility

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15
Q

Ability of muscular tissue to return to its original length and shape.

A

Elasticity

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16
Q

What are the three types of muscular tissue?

A
  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Cardiac Muscle
  • Smooth Muscle
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17
Q

Consists of long cylindrical fibers with many peripherally located nuclei and striations (WITH STRIATIONS AND IT IS VOLUNTARY)

A

Skeletal Muscle

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18
Q

Connects the skin to the muscle fibers

Serves as an insulating layer that reduces heat loss, and protects muscles from physical trauma

A

Hypodermis

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19
Q

Holds muscles with similar functions together

Allows free movement of muscles, carries nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels, and fills spaces between muscles

A

Fascia

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20
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

Extend from the fascia to protect and strengthen skeletal muscle

Outermost layer, encircling the entire muscle

A

Epimysium

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21
Q

Surrounds groups of 10 to 100 or more muscle fibers, separating them into bundles called fascicles.

A

Perimysium

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22
Q

Thin sheath of areolar
connective tissue

Penetrates the interior
of each fascicle

Separates individual
muscle fibers from one
another

A

Endomysium

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23
Q

Cord of dense regular
connective tissue and
parallel bundles of
collagen fibers

Attach a muscle to the
periosteum of a bone

A

Tendon

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24
Q

Supplies blood to the
muscle fibers

Bring in oxygen and
nutrients and remove
heat and the waste
products of muscle
metabolism

A

Blood Vessels

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25
Q

Stimulate skeletal muscle to contract

Acetylcholine

A

Somatic Motor Neurons

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26
Q

The plasma membrane of
a muscle cell

A

Sarcolemma

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27
Q

Tiny invaginations of the
sarcolemma

A

Transverse Tubules

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28
Q

Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

A

Sarcoplasm

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29
Q

Under sarcoplasm, ____ is used for ATP synthesis while ___ is releases
oxygen when it is needed
by the mitochondria for
ATP production.

A

Glycogen (ATP synthesis)
Myoglobin (Oxygen)

30
Q

Thread-like structures

The contractile organelles of skeletal muscle

Causes the striations

A

Myofibrils

31
Q

-fluid-filled system of membranous sacs
- encircles each myofibril
- stores calcium ions (relaxed)
- releases stored calcium ion (muscle contraction)

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

32
Q

Smaller structures within myofibrils

Consists of thin and thick filaments

Do not extend on the entire length of muscle fiber

A

Filaments

33
Q

Structure that compartmentalizes the thin and thick filaments

A

Sarcomeres (I-A-I band)

34
Q

Are attached to the Z-lines and main component of the thin filament.
On each actin molecule is a myosin-binding site where a myosin head of a
thick filament binds during muscle contraction.

A

Actin

35
Q

– located in the center and makes up the thick filament.

A

Myosin

36
Q

Actin and Myosin are what kind of proteins?

A

Contractile proteins

37
Q

Help switch the contraction process on (troponin) and off (tropomyosin)

A

Regulatory Proteins

38
Q

Keep the thick and thin filaments in the proper alignment

Give the myofibril elasticity and extensibility, and link the myofibrils to the sarcolemma and extracellular matrix

A

Structural proteins

39
Q

A fundamental process that occurs in muscle
contraction. It involves the interaction between two proteins, actin and myosin, within muscle fibers.

Allows for the controlled contraction and relaxation of muscle fibers.

A

Sliding Filament Mechanism

40
Q

In the ____, actin and myosin filaments partially overlap, but they
are not fully engaged with each other.

A

resting state

41
Q

Under CROSS BRIDGE FORMATION, when a muscle is stimulated to contract, ____ are
released, which triggers a series of events. ____ bind to a protein called troponin, causing tropomyosin to move away from the binding site on actin.

A

Calcium Ions

42
Q

What do you call the process where ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is then hydrolyzed, providing energy for the myosin heads to swivel and pull the actin filament
towards the center of the sarcomere.

A

Power Stroke

43
Q

As the myosin heads undergo the power stroke, the actin filaments slide past the myosin filaments towards the center of the sarcomere. This shortens
the sarcomere and ultimately results in muscle contraction.

A

Sliding Filament Movement

44
Q

The ATP is then hydrolyzed again to provide energy for the myosin head
to reset its position and be ready for another cycle of cross-bridge formation

A

ATP Replenishment

45
Q

When the muscle stimulation stops, calcium ions are pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, causing troponin and tropomyosin to return to their original
positions. This blocks the actin binding site, preventing further cross-bridge formation. The
actin and myosin filaments slide back to their resting state, and the muscle relaxes.

A

Relaxation

46
Q

Tell the process of Sliding Filament Mechanism

A

Resting State (actin and myosin overlap)— Cross Bridge Formation (calcium ions binding)— Power Stroke (ATP hydrolyzed) — Sliding Filament Movement (muscle contraction) — ATP Repplenishment (ATP hydrolized again) — Relaxation (goes back to original position)

47
Q

Skeletal muscles
contracts only when stimulated by ___ released by a nerve impulse in a motor neuron

A

acetylcholine

48
Q

Composed of branched
cylindrical fibers with one centrally located nuclei

HAS STRIATIONS and intercalated discs that joins adjacent fibers

Principal tissue in the heart wall and strongest muscle and is INVOLUNTARY

A

Cardiac Muscle

49
Q

unique to cardiac muscle fiber

irregular transverse thickenings of the sarcolemma

connect the ends of cardiac muscle fibers to one another

A

Intercalated Discs

50
Q

Intercalated discs contain __ which hold the fibers together, and gap junctions, which allow
muscle action potentials to spread from one cardiac muscle fiber to another.

A

Desmosomes

51
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue contracts when stimulated by its own ____ muscle fibers

A

Autorhythmic muscle

52
Q

Under normal resting conditions, cardiac muscle tissue contracts and relaxes about
___ times a minute.

A

75 times

53
Q
  • Usually activated involuntarily
  • has no striations
  • found in the walls of organs, blood vessels, and other structures in the body.
A

Smooth Muscle

54
Q

Stimulation of one visceral muscle fiber causes contraction of many adjacent fibers

Contract in unison or as a single unit

Found in small arteries

A

Visceral

55
Q

Consists of individual fibers, each with its own motor neuron terminals

Present in Large arteries

A

Multiunit

56
Q

small pouch like invaginations of
the plasma membrane that contain extracellular calcium ions

A

Caveolae

57
Q

Attachments of muscle fibers which are functionally similar to Z discs in striated muscle fibers.

A

Dense Bodies

58
Q

Calcium binds to a protein called ____, forming a complex that
activates an enzyme called myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK).

A

calmodulin

59
Q

____ is the coordinated
contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in the digestive tract, allowing for the movement of
food and waste through the system.

A

Peristalsis

60
Q

The attachment of a muscle’s tendon to the STATIONARY bone

A

Origin

61
Q

The attachment of the muscle’s other tendon to the MOVABLE bone

A

Insertion

62
Q

– fleshy portion of the muscle between the tendons

A

Belly

63
Q

refer to the organization and orientation of muscle fibers within a
muscle.

A

Fascicle Arrangements

64
Q

In this arrangement, the muscle fibers run parallel to the long axis of the muscle.

A

Longitudinal

65
Q

This arrangement is characterized by muscle fibers
that are slightly wider in the middle and taper towards the ends, resembling a spindle shape

A

Fusiform

66
Q

Muscles have fibers that run at an angle to the tendon, forming a feather-like pattern

A

Pennate Arrangement

67
Q

The muscle fibers are on one side of the tendon.

A

Unipennate

68
Q

The muscle fibers are on both sides of a central tendon.

A

Bipennate

69
Q

The muscle fibers are arranged in multiple directions around multiple
tendons.

A

Multipennate

70
Q

Circular muscles form rings around body openings and
function to control the passage of substances.

A

Sphincter Arrangement

71
Q

Fascicles spread over broad area converge at thick central tendon;
gives muscle a triangular appearance.

A

Triangular Arrangement

ANAPHY (2 decks)

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