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ANAPHY > MUSCULAR SYSTEM > Flashcards

MUSCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Muscles are responsible for all types of body movement

A

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

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2
Q

Three basic muscle types are found in the body

A
  1. Skeletal muscle
  2. Cardiac muscle
  3. Smooth muscle
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3
Q

Skeletal and smooth muscle cells are _________

A

ELONGATED

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4
Q

Contraction and shortening of muscles are due to the ____________

A

MOVEMENT OF
MICROFILAMENTS

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5
Q

Prefixes myo- and mys- refer to

A

MUSCLE

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6
Q

Prefix sarco- refers to

A

FLESH

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7
Q

Most skeletal muscle fibers are
attached by _________

A

TENDONS TO BONES

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7
Q

large, cigar-shaped, and multinucleate

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS

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8
Q

SKELETAL MUSCLE also known as ________ because of its obvious stripes

A

STRIATED MUSCLE

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9
Q

Skeletal muscle cells are surrounded and bundled by connective tissue

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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9
Q

Also known as voluntary muscle because it is the only muscle tissue subject to conscious control

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE

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10
Q

encloses a single muscle fiber

A

ENDOMYSIUM

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10
Q

wraps around a fascicle (bundle) of muscle fibers

A

PERIMYSIUM

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11
Q

covers the entire skeletal muscle

A

EPIMYSIUM

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12
Q

on the outside of the epimysium

A

FASCIA

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13
Q

▪ No striations

▪ Found mainly in the walls of
hollow visceral organs (such as
stomach, urinary bladder,
respiratory passages)

▪ Spindle-shaped fibers that are
uninucleate

▪ Contractions are slow and
sustained

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE

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14
Q
  • cordlike structures

▪ Mostly collagen fibers

▪ Often cross a joint because of their toughness and small size

A

TENDONS

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14
Q
  • sheetlike structures
  • Attach muscles indirectly to bones, cartilages, or connective tissue coverings
A

APONEUROSES

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14
Q

no conscious control

A

INVOLUNTARY

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15
Q
  • Striations
    ▪ Involuntary

▪ Found only in the walls of the
heart

▪ Uninucleate

▪ Contracts at a steady rate set by pacemaker

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE

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16
Q

Branching cells joined by gap
junctions called _________

A

INTERCALATED DISCS

17
Q

Whereas all muscle types produce movement, skeletal muscle has three other important roles:
▪ Maintain posture and body
position
* Stabilize joints
▪ Generate heat

A

MUSCLE FUNCTIONS

18
Q

specialized plasma membrane

A

SARCOLEMMA

19
Q

long organelles inside muscle cell

A

MYOFIBRILS

20
Q

I band = ______
▪ Contains only thin filaments
▪ Z disc is a midline interruption

A

LIGHT BAND

21
Q

contractile unit of a muscle fiber
▪ Structural and functional unit of skeletal muscle

A

SACROMERE

21
Q

A band = ________
▪ Contains the entire length of
the thick filaments
▪ H zone is a lighter central area

A

DARK BAND

22
Q

Thick filaments = _________

A

MYOSIN FILAMENTS

23
Q

Thin filaments = ___________

A

ACTIN FILAMENTS

23
Q

Composed of the protein
myosin

Contain ATPase enzymes to split

ATP to release energy for
muscle contractions

▪ Possess projections known as
myosin heads

▪ Myosin heads are known as
cross bridges when they link
thick and thin filaments during
contraction

A

THICK FILAMENTS

24
Q

(also called responsiveness)—ability to receive and respond to a stimulus

A

IRRITABILITY

24
Q

▪ Composed of the contractile
protein actin

▪ Actin is anchored to the Z disc

  • At rest, within the A band there is a zone that lacks actin filaments called the H zone
  • During contraction, H zones disappear as actin and myosin filaments overlap
A

THIN FILAMENTS

25
Q

Specialized smooth
endoplasmic reticulum

Surrounds the myofibril

▪ Stores and releases calcium

A

SACROPLASMIC RETICULUM (SR)

25
Q

ability to forcibly shorten when an adequate stimulus is received

A

CONTRACTILITY

26
Q

ability to recoil and resume resting length after stretching

A

ELASTICITY

26
Q

ability of muscle cells to be stretched

A

EXTENSIBILITY

26
Q

Association site of axon terminal of the motor neuron
and sarcolemma of a muscle

A

NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

26
Q

one motor neuron and all
the skeletal muscle cells stimulated by that neuron

A

MOTOR NEURON

27
Q

Chemical released by nerve
upon arrival of nerve impulse in the axon terminal

Acetylcholine (ACh) is the
neurotransmitter that
stimulates skeletal muscle

A

NEUROTRANSMITTER

27
Q

is converted to
lactic acid, which causes muscle
soreness

A

PYRUVIC ACID

27
Q

A series of metabolic pathways

A

OXIDATIVE PHOSPORYLATION

27
Q

▪ Muscle fiber contraction is “allor-none,” meaning it will
contract to its fullest when
stimulated adequately

▪ Within a whole skeletal muscle, not all fibers may be stimulated during the same interval

▪ Different combinations of
muscle fiber contractions may
give differing responses

▪ Graded responses—different
degrees of skeletal muscle
shortening

A

GRADED RESPONSE

28
Q

Gap between nerve and muscle
filled with interstitial fluid

▪ Although very close, the nerve
and muscle do not make
contact

A

SYNAPTIC CLEFT

28
Q

Supplies ATP at rest and during
light/moderate exercise

▪ A series of metabolic pathways, called oxidative
phosphorylation, use oxygen
and occur in the mitochondria

▪ Glucose is broken down to
carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy (about 32 ATP)

A

AEROBIC RESPIRATION

28
Q

Glucose is broken down to
pyruvic acid to produce about ________________

A

2 ATP

29
Q

Only energy source that can be
used to directly power muscle
contraction

▪ Stored in muscle fibers in small amounts that are quickly used up

▪ After this initial time, other
pathways must be utilized to
produce ATP

A

ATP

30
Q

▪ Myofilaments are able to slide
past each other during
contractions

▪ The muscle shortens, and
movement occurs

▪ Example: bending the knee;
lifting weights, smiling

A

ISOTONIC CONTRACTIONS

31
Q

Muscle filaments are trying to
slide, but the muscle is pitted
against an immovable object

▪ Tension increases, but muscles do not shorten

▪ Example: pushing your palms
together in front of you

A

ISOMETRIC CONTRACTIONS

32
Q

State of continuous partial
contractions

▪ Result of different motor units
being stimulated in a systematic way

▪ Muscle remains firm, healthy,
and constantly ready for action

A

MUSCLE TONE

32
Q

exercise (biking, jogging) results in stronger, more flexible muscles with greater resistance to fatigue

▪ Makes body metabolism more efficient

▪ Improves digestion,
coordination

A

AEROBIC (ENDURANCE)

33
Q

exercise (weight lifting) increases muscle size and strength

▪ Individual muscle fibers
enlarge

A

RESISTANCE (ISOMETRIC)

ANAPHY (1 decks)

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