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Biology! Unit 3 > Muscular System! > Flashcards

Muscular System! Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Multinucleate

A

Skeletal muscle fibers!

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2
Q

Cell membrane”

A

Sarcolemma

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3
Q

“Long & ribbon-like nearly fill the the cytoplasm”

A

Myofibrils

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4
Q

Alternating bands create striated appearance “

A

Myofibrils = dark bands & light bands

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5
Q

Dark bands

A

A

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6
Q

Light bands

A

I

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7
Q

Myofibrils are chains of tiny units called

A

Sarcomeres

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8
Q

Like a train made of individual cars” , made of even smaller units “

A

Sarcomeres!

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9
Q

Threadlike proteins called, what? , two per sarcomere: one thick & one thin

A

Myofilaments!

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10
Q

Mostly made of myosin, also contains enzymes to split atp for energy

A

Thick filaments

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11
Q

“Extend the entire length of dark/A band & centers smooth, ends have myosin heads as projections”

A

Thick filaments

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12
Q

Made of actin plus some regulatory proteins

A

Thin filaments

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13
Q

Thin filaments anchored at where?

A

Z disk

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14
Q

Light / I band includes only thin filaments , from two adjacent sarcomeres

A

Thin filaments, anchored at z disk

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15
Q

Interconnecting tubules surrounding each myofibril, store calcium and release it to contract” calcium = go signal

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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16
Q

Tha dark / A band is made of

A

Thick filament: mostly made of myosin

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17
Q

The light/ I band is made of

A

Thin filaments : made of actin

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18
Q

The actin is anchored at

A

Z disk

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19
Q

Special properties of muscle fibers: “ ability to receive and respond to a stimulus”

A

Irritability: responsiveness

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20
Q

Special properties of muscles fibers: “ ability to forcibly shorten”

A

Contractility

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21
Q

Special properties of muscle fibers; “ ability to stretch”

A

Extensibility

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22
Q

Special properties of muscle fiber: “ ability to recoil and resume resting length”

A

Elasticity

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23
Q

Stimulation to contract comes from where?

A

Nerve impulses

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24
Q

“One motor neuron* all the muscle fibers it stimulates ( from a few to hundreds)

A

Motor unit

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25
Q

“Threadlike extension that branches into axon terminals”

A

Axon

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26
Q

“Each axon terminal forms junctions with the sarcolemma of a different muscle cell”

A

Neuromuscular junctions

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27
Q

Each NMJ contains what, filled with a signaling chemical called what, crosses what

A

Synaptic vesicles, neurotransmitter, synaptic cleft

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28
Q

Process when nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal: what channels open?

A

Calcium

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29
Q

Process when nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal: what enters terminal

A

Ca2+

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30
Q

Process when nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal: calcium causes what to be released

A

ACh

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31
Q

Process when nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal: what diffuses across synaptic cleft; binds to receptors in sarcolemma

A

ACh

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32
Q

Process when nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal: channels open in where , to allow sodium (Na+) to enter muscle fiber and potassium (K+) to leave.

A

Sarcolemma

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33
Q

Process when nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal: “more what enters than K+ leavings creates positive charge, reverses resting conditions called what

A

Na+ & depolarization

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34
Q

Process when nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal: depolarization opens more channels for Na+ entry creates what?

A

Action potential

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35
Q

Process when nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal: “ electrical current that travels over where & conducts impulse from one cell of cell to other

A

Sarcolemma

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36
Q

Process when nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal: “what in synaptic cleft breaks down, ion channels close & one nerve impulse only creates one contraction”

A

ACh

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37
Q

What returns cell to resting state? Diffussion of what? Out of muscles cell & operation of which pump that actively restores balance

A

K+ & Na+/K+

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38
Q

When the muscle finer contracts , myosin heads attach to binding sites on actin and it creates what

A

Cross bridges

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39
Q

Each what attaches and detaches several times during one contraction

A

Cross bridge

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40
Q

Tension pulls what towards center of sarcomere

A

Actin

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41
Q

What cross bridges “walk “ along actin, some always in contact with actin so ut can’l slide backwards

A

Myosin

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42
Q

Describes as “themselves do not shorten,just move towards each other

A

Myofilaments

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43
Q

Release of what triggers binding if myosin to actin

A

Calcium ions

44
Q

Formation of cross bridge requires what?

A

ATP

45
Q

“Different degrees of shortening

A

Graded response

46
Q

Depend on what of muscle stimulation and what of muscle fibers being stimulated

A

Frequency & number

47
Q

Nerve impulses come rapidly effects of contractions are what?

A

Summed

48
Q

Summed: “ some relaxation between contractions

A

Unfused/ incomplete tetanus

49
Q

Summed: “no evidence of relaxation between contractions “

A

Fused/ complete tetanus

50
Q

Describes : as is hydrolyzed to release energy for muscle contractions

A

Atp

51
Q

Only a few seconds’s worth of what is stored!

A

Atp

52
Q

Must regenerate what to keep working

A

ATP

53
Q

3 methods

A

P-P-P, Ribose sugar, adenine

54
Q

Direct phosphorylation by what

A

Creatine phosphate ( CP)

55
Q

Cp transfers phosphate to what, rebenerating what

A

ADP, & ATP

56
Q

Still exhausted in seconds

A

Direct phosphorylation by creatine phosphate ( CP)

57
Q

“Glucose broken down to Co2 and water, energy release is captured in atp” & 32 atp/glucose & takes place in where & pathways called what

A

Aerobic pathway, mitochondria, oxidative phosphorylation

58
Q

Glycolysis, does not need oxygen, occurs in where & glucose broken down to pyruvuc acid, normally delivered to aerobic pathway, but not enough time for aerobic if activity is intense, pyruvuc acid becomes lactic acid instead, & 2.5 times faster than aerobic, but only makes 5% as much ATP

A

Anaerobic glycolysis & lactic acid formation & occurs in cytosol

59
Q

No oxygen

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

60
Q

Has oxygen

A

Aerobic glycolysis

61
Q

Muscle unable to contract despite stimulation

A

Muscle fatigue

62
Q

Caused by what and NMJ problems , but mainly what deficit

A

Ion imbalances & oxygen deficit

63
Q

Most people stop before muscle entirely disabled & one reason for heavy breathing during/after excretion

A

Muscle fatigue

64
Q

Types of muscle contractions: “ actin/ myosin sliding motion, muscle shortens”

A

Isotonic(same tone) contractions

65
Q

Types of muscle contractions: “myosin filaments “spinning their wheels” , muscle length doesn’t change

A

Isometric ( same length) contractions

66
Q

Continous partial contraction

A

Muscle tone

67
Q

Different groups of what ‘take turns’

A

Muscle fibers

68
Q

If nerve to muscle is destroyed, what is lost

A

Tone

69
Q

If nerve to muscle is destroyed, tone is lost

A

Flaccid paralysis

70
Q

If muscle tone too severe

A

Spastic paralysis

71
Q

Exercise & muscles; big muscles

A

Isometric work out

72
Q

Types of muscle contractions: “increased efficiency of cardiovascular systems”

A

Aerobic work out

73
Q

Homeostatic imbalance: motor neurons degenerate over time = progressive paralysis

A

Amyotropic lateral sclerosis (Als/gherig’s disease)

74
Q

Muscle contracts

A

Normal nerve cell

75
Q

Muscle unable to contracts

A

Nerve with sclerosis

76
Q

Muscle movements: attachment point to less moveable bone

A

Origin

77
Q

Attachment point to more moveable bone

A

Insertion

78
Q

In general, body movement= what contracting across joints

A

Muscles

79
Q

Skeletal muscle interactions: Muscles can’t what , only pull

A

Push

80
Q

Skeletal muscle interactions:
Work in pairs that can what each other’s action

A

Reverse

81
Q

Skeletal muscle interactions:
What has major responsibility for a movement & what reverses that

A

Prime mover & antagonist

82
Q

Skeletal muscle interactions:
Example: biceps /triceps

A

Primer mover & antagonist

83
Q

Skeletal muscle interactions: “help prime movers by producing same movement or reducing undesirable movements “ ex. Wrist, joints

A

Synergists

84
Q

Skeletal muscle interactions: hold a bone still or stabilize origin of prime mover ex. Postural muscles

A

Fixators

85
Q

Biceps brachii (flexor) , contracting

A

Prime mover

86
Q

Triceps brachii( extensor) , relaxing

A

Antagonists

87
Q

Fixator, deltoid, contracting

A

Synergist

88
Q

Biceps brachii, contracting

A

Prime mover

89
Q

Pronatir teres, contracting

A

Synergist

90
Q

Naming skeletal muscles: rectus vs oblique

A

Direction of fibers

91
Q

Naming skeletal muscles: maximus, minimus, longus, etc

A

Relative size of muscle

92
Q

Naming skeletal muscles: frontalis, temporalid, etc, named bone

A

Location of muscle

93
Q

Naming skeletal muscles: biceps, triceps, quadriceps, etc

A

Number of origins

94
Q

Naming skeletal muscles: deltoid, etc

A

Shape of muscle

95
Q

Naming skeletal muscles: flexor, extensor, adductor, etc

A

Action of muscle

96
Q

Developmental aspects of the muscular system: “ in what, muscles developed in segments, then segments invaded by nerves

A

Embryo

97
Q

Developmental aspects of the muscular system: “ able to produce perceptible motion by week 16 of gestation

A

Embryo

98
Q

Developmental aspects of the muscular system: “ multiple genes determine speacialization at different stages of development

A

Embryo

99
Q

Developmental aspects of the muscular system: muscle control as an infant tracks what system development

A

Nervous system

100
Q

Developmental aspects of the muscular system: “goes from what direction, coarse to fine controls

A

Muscle control; Superior to inferior

101
Q

Developmental aspects of the muscular system: good blood supply means what to infection throughout life

A

Muscles resistant

102
Q

Developmental aspects of the muscular system: amount of what tissue in muscles decreases with age, cause of muscle mass loss in elderly

A

Connective tissue

103
Q

Developmental aspects of the muscular system: muscle power decreases by what % by 80 if no training

A

50%

104
Q

Homeostatic imbalances : congenital muscle problems rare , but do occur = “ muscles can appear to enlarge due to deposits of fat & connective tissue, but muscle cells degenerating

A

Muscular dystrophy

105
Q

Homeostatic imbalances : congenital muscle problems rare , but do occur most common, almost 100% in boys, diagnose age 2-7

A

Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

106
Q

Homeostatic imbalances : congenital muscle problems rare , but do occur = “muscle fibers lack of what, which maintains Sarcolemma, children become clumsy/weak and progressively lose muscle function

A

Dystrophin

107
Q

Homeostatic imbalances : “ shortage of Ach receptors at NMJ’s , autoimmune , muscle fibers not being stimulated, get progressively weaker

A

Myasthenia gravis

Biology! Unit 3 (2 decks)

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