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ANAPHY LEC MIDTERMS > MUSCULAR SYSTEM > Flashcards

MUSCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

alternating contraction

A

shortening

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2
Q

The scientific study of muscles

A

myology

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3
Q

results from shortening and relaxation of
muscles

A

Body movement

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4
Q

is primarily attached to bones.

A

Skeletal muscle tissue

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5
Q

It is striated and voluntary.

A

Skeletal muscle tissue

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6
Q

forms the wall of the heart.

A

Cardiac muscle tissue

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7
Q

It is striated and involuntary.

A

Cardiac muscle tissue

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8
Q

It is not striated (smooth) and involuntary.

A

Smooth (visceral) muscle
tissue

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9
Q

e is located in viscera.

A

Smooth (visceral) muscle
tissue

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10
Q

Four key functions of muscle tissue

A

body movements, stabilizing body
positions, moving substances within the body, generating heat.

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11
Q
  • property of muscle tissue
  • is the ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals such as action potential (impulse).
A

Electrical excitability

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12
Q
  • property of muscle tissue
    is the ability to shorten and thicken, generating force to do work.
A

Contractility

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13
Q
  • property of muscle tissue
    is the ability to be stretched without damaging the tissue.
A

Extensibility

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14
Q
  • property of muscle tissue
    is the ability to return to its original shape after contraction or extension.
A

Elasticity

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15
Q

cannot divide and have limited powers of regeneration; growth after the first year is due to enlargement of existing cells

A

Skeletal muscle fibers

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16
Q

new yet minimal skeletal muscle cells can be derived from

A

satellite cells

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17
Q
  • Extensive repair
  • the replacement of muscle fibers by scar tissue.
A

fibrosis

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18
Q

cannot divide or regenerate at all

A

Cardiac muscle fibers

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19
Q

have limited capacity for division and regeneration

A

Smooth muscle fibers

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20
Q

With few exceptions, muscles develop from

A

mesoderm

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21
Q

Skeletal muscles of the head
and extremities develop from

A

general mesoderm

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22
Q

the remainder of the skeletal muscles develop
from

A

mesoderm of somites

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23
Q

there is a progressive loss of skeletal muscle, which is replaced by fat. There is also a decrease in maximal strength and a slowing of muscle reflexes.

A

aging

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24
Q

involves problems involving somatic motor neurons, neuromuscular junctions, or muscle fibers.

A

Neuromuscular disease

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25
Q

signifies a disease or disorder
of the skeletal muscle tissue itself

A

Myopathy

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26
Q
  • is an autoimmune disorder characterized by great muscular weakness and caused by antibodies directed against ACh receptors at the neuromuscular junction
  • more ACh receptors are affected as the disease progresses, making the muscle increasingly weake
A

Myasthenia

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27
Q

are inherited muscle-destroying diseases that are characterized by degeneration of individual muscle fibers, leading to progressive atrophy of the skeletal muscle.

A

Muscular dystrophies

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28
Q
  • Most common form of muscular dystrophy
A

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

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29
Q

is a painful, non articular rheumatic disorder that usually appears between the ages of 25 and 50

A

Fibromyalgia

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30
Q

spasm, cramp, tremor, fasciculation,
and fibrillation.

A

Abnormal contractions of skeletal muscle

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31
Q

small bundle of muscle fibers

A

fascicles

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32
Q
  • Connective tissue
    covering a muscle is sometimes called
  • extends beyond the end of the muscle tissue to form a tough, cordlike tendon, which attaches the muscle to a bone.
A

deep fascia.

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33
Q

In muscles that are attached to other muscles or connective tissues, the connective tissues form a sheet-like attachment called

A

aponeurosis

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34
Q

intermesh to form a secure attachment in skeletal muscle tissue

A

fibers of the tendon and periosteum

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35
Q

is a sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue that is deep to the skin and surrounds muscles and other organs of the body

A

Fascia

36
Q

separates muscle from skin and functions to provide a pathway for nerves and blood vessels, stores fat, insulates, and protects muscles from trauma

A

Superficial fascia

37
Q

Other name for superficial fascia

A

subcutaneous layer

38
Q

which lines the body wall
and limbs and holds muscles with similar functions together, allows free movement of muscles, carries nerves, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, and fills spaces between muscles.

A

Deep fascia

39
Q

, covering the entire muscle

A

epimysium

40
Q

covering fasciculi

A

perimysium

41
Q

covering individual muscle fibers; all are extensions of deep fascia

A

endomysium

42
Q

is a cord of dense connective tissue that attaches a muscle to the periosteum of a bone

A

tendon

43
Q

is a tendon that extends as a broad, flat
layer

A

aponeurosis

44
Q

convey impulses for muscular contraction

A

Nerves (with motor neurons)

45
Q

provides nutrients and oxygen for contraction.

A

Blood

46
Q

The plasma membrane of a
muscle fiber is called the

A

sarcolemma

47
Q

cytoplasm of the muscle fiber

A

sarcoplasm

48
Q
  • threadlike and numerous, which extend the length of the fiber
  • are the contractile elements of a muscle fiber
A

Myofibril

49
Q

Protein filament composition of a myofibril

A

thin actin filaments and thick myosin filaments.

50
Q

consists of two twisted strands of actin molecules joined together
like tiny strings of pearls.

A

thin actin filament

51
Q

are present on actin
filaments and play a role in muscle contraction

A

troponin and tropomyosin

52
Q

is composed of hundreds
of myosin molecules, each shaped like a double-headed golf club

A

thick myosin filament

53
Q

are able to bind to
actin filaments to form cross-bridges.

A

head (of thick myosin filament)

54
Q
  • production begins when the actin and myosin organize themselves
  • the light and dark cross bands that are characteristic of skeletal
    muscle fibers when viewed microscopically
A

striations

55
Q

The arrangement of actin and myosin filaments repeats itself throughout the length of a
myofibril. These repeating units are called

A

sarcomeres

56
Q

is a contractile unit of
skeletal muscle—that is, it is the smallest portion of a myofibril capable of contraction.

A

sarcomeres

57
Q

are composed of proteins arranged
transverse to the longitudinal axis of the filament

A

Z line

58
Q

are attached to each side of
the Z lines and extend toward the middle of the sarcomeres.

A

Actin filaments

59
Q

actin filaments do not meet. Myosin filaments occur only in the

A

A band (of the sarcomere)

60
Q

are tiny invaginations of the sarcolemma
that quickly spread the muscle action potential to all parts of
the muscle fiber.

A

Transverse tubules

61
Q

is the muscle cell cytoplasm and contains a large amount of glycogen for energy production and myoglobin for
oxygen storage.

A

Sarcoplasm

62
Q
  • dark middle portion
  • primarily thick filaments with some thin filaments that overlap
A

A band

63
Q
  • lighter side
  • consist of thin filaments
    only.
A

i bands

64
Q

passes through the center of the I band

A

Z Disc

65
Q
  • narrow
  • in the center of each A band contains thick but
    no thin filaments
A

H zone

66
Q

encircles each myofibril. It is similar to
smooth endoplasmic reticulum in non-muscle cells and in the relaxed
muscle, functions to store calcium ions

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

67
Q

are tiny invaginations of the sarcolemma
that quickly spread the muscle action potential to all parts of the muscle fiber.

A

Transverse tubules

68
Q

can result in torn sarcolemma, damaged myofibrils, and disrupted Z discs (Clinical Connection).

A

exercise

69
Q

n helps a sarcomere return to its resting length after a muscle has
contracted or been stretched

A

Titin

70
Q

forms the M line.

A

Myomesin

71
Q

helps maintain alignment of
the thin filaments in the sarcomere

A

Nebulin

72
Q

reinforces the sarcolemma and helps transmit the tension generated by the sarcomeres to the tendons.

A

Dystrophin

73
Q

s an action-causing neuron—its impulses
produce an action in the target cells. Each muscle fiber is innervated and controlled

A

motor neuron

74
Q

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers to
which it is attached form a

A

motor unit.

75
Q

Where precise muscle control rather than
strength is needed, such as in the fingers, a motor unit
contains

A

very few muscle fibers.

76
Q

where strength
rather than precise control is needed, such as in the
postural muscles, a motor unit controls

A

hundreds of
muscle fibers

77
Q

Whenever a motor neuron is activated,
it stimulates the what it controls?

A

contraction

78
Q

The connection
between the terminal branches of an axon and the
sarcolemma of a muscle fiber is known as a

A

neuromuscular junction

79
Q

depression in sarcolemma

A

motor end plates

80
Q

The tiny space between the axon
terminal and the sarcolemma is the

A

synaptic cleft

81
Q

Numerous secretory vesicles in the axon tip contain
the neurotransmitter

A

acetylcholine

82
Q

is a region of communication
between two neurons or a neuron and a target cell

A

synapse

83
Q

selectively block events at the NMJ.

A

Several plant products and drugs

84
Q

selectively block events at the NMJ.

A

Several plant products and drugs

85
Q

helps to diagnose muscle disorders.

A

Electromyography

ANAPHY LEC MIDTERMS (2 decks)

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