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ANAPHY LAB > MUSCULAR SYSTEM > Flashcards

MUSCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal muscle contraction and extension produce movement of the body in its parts or as a whole.

A

Locomotion

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2
Q

Movements rely on?

A

the functioning of skeletal muscles, bones, and joints

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3
Q

Heat production

A

Muscle cells produce heat through catabolism

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4
Q

thermogenesis

A

muscular tissue contracts, it produces heat

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5
Q

Involuntary contractions of skeletal muscles increase the rate of heat production

A

Shivering

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6
Q

Storing and moving substances within the body

A

Storage is accomplished by sustained contractions of ringlike bands of smooth muscle called sphincters

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7
Q

Sphincters

A

prevent outflow of the contents of a hollow organ

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8
Q

Pylori sphincter

A

regulates the flow of food from the stomach to the duodenum

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9
Q

help adjusts the rate and volume of blood flow

A

Smooth muscles in the walls of blood vessels

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10
Q

Posture

A

While skeletal muscles are regarded to have “voluntary” control, a continued partial contraction of many skeletal muscles are subconsciously involved in performing static tasks such as standing or sitting. Thus, the human body is maintained in a relatively stable position due to certain skeletal muscles.

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11
Q

4 Functions of Muscular System

A

Locomotion
Heat production
Storing and moving substances within the body
Posture

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12
Q

Connective Tissue Components

A

Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium

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13
Q

Epimysium

A

the outer layer, encircling the entire muscle. It consists of dense irregular connective tissue

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14
Q

surrounds groups of 10 to 100 or more muscle fibers, separating them into bundles called fascicles.

A

Perimysium

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15
Q

Endomysium

A

a thin sheath of areolar connective tissue that penetrates the interior of each fascicle and separates individual muscle fibers from one another; is mostly reticular fibers.

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16
Q

3 layers of connective tissue components are present in

A

skeletal muscles

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17
Q

what layer are present in all 3 types

A

epimysium

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18
Q

cord of dense regular connective tissue composed of parallel bundles of collagen fibers that attach a muscle to the periosteum of a bone

A

tendon

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19
Q

most ______ move bones some move the skin or other ________

A

skeletal muscles

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20
Q

skeletal muscles

A

striated, voluntary

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21
Q

What is long cylindrical fiber with many peripherally located _______; unbranched

A

skeletal muscle, nuclei

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22
Q

Skeletal muscles are striated

A

alternating light and dark protein bands (striations) when examined under a microscope.

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23
Q

Skeletal muscles are voluntary in action

A

can be consciously, or voluntarily, controlled in response to inputs through nerve cells.

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24
Q

usually attached to bones by tendons

A

skeletal muscle

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25
Q

Skeletal muscles arise from the fusion of a hundred or more small mesodermal cells called __________ during __________ thus, each __________________ has a hundred or more nuclei

A

myoblasts, embryonic development, mature skeletal muscle fiber

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26
Q

striated, involuntary

A

Cardiac Muscle

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27
Q

Cardiac muscle is found on?

A

one organ: the heart, forming most of the heart wall

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28
Q

Cardiac muscle’s anatomy resembles that of skeletal muscle to a degree, but exhibits features related to its role in

A

continuous pumping blood

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29
Q

Cardiac muscle is self-exciting

A

auto-rhythmicity

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30
Q

self-exciting or auto rhythmicity

A
  • Cardiac muscle cells exhibit an autonomous rhythm of excitation and contraction to keep the heart pumping.
  • The rate of self-induced activity can be regulated through hormones and neurotransmitters.
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31
Q

Cardiac muscles are a branched _______?

A

Branched cylindrical fiber with one centrally located nucleus; intercalated discs join neighboring fibers; striated.

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32
Q

Cardiac muscle is developing from?

A

Develop from mesodermal cells that migrate to and envelop the developing heart while it is still in the form of endocardial heart tubes.

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33
Q

Length and diameter of Cardiac Muscle

A

Length: Long - 50 - 100um
Diameter: Large - 10 - 20um

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34
Q

Structure of Cardiac muscle

A
  • Contains myosin and actin filaments arranged in sarcomeres and same bands, zones and Z discs as in skeletal muscle
  • Contains one or two central nuclei
  • Fibers are branched
  • Characterized by dense junctional complexes called intercalated disks that contain gap junctions and desmosomes
  • T tubules located at Z lines; larger than in skeletal muscle
  • Sarcoplasmic reticulum less well developed
  • Regulatory proteins: tropomyosin and troponin
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35
Q

Connective tissues components of cardiac muscle

A

Endomysium; subendocardial and sub pericardial connective tissue layers.

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36
Q

non-striated, involuntary

A

smooth muscles

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37
Q

smooth muscles widely distributed throughout the body located in the?

A

walls of hollow internal structures like blood vessels, airways, digestive and urinary tracts, and in other locations such as in the eye.

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38
Q

T or F:
Smooth muscles do not have striations.

A

True

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39
Q

The shape of Smooth muscle fibers is?

A

Fibers are fusiform in shape (thickest in middle, tapered at each end) and contain one centrally positioned nucleus; not striated

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40
Q

Involuntary, but its style of contraction varies by the type of?

A

Smooth muscle

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41
Q

2 types of smooth muscle

A

visceral and multiunit smooth muscle tissue

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42
Q

Smooth muscle develop from mesodermal cells that migrate to and envelop the?

A

developing gastrointestinal tract and viscera

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43
Q

Length and diameter of smooth muscle

A

Length: Intermediate - 30-200um
Diameter: Small - 3-8um

44
Q

Structure of smooth muscle

A
  • Contains myosin and actin filaments that have no regular pattern of overlap; therefore, does NOT exhibit striations
  • Actin and myosin form lattice (criss-cross) network and insert into dense bodies in the sarcoplasm
  • Contains one central nucleus
  • Gap junctions couple muscle and allow ionic communication between all fibers
  • T tubules are NOT present
  • Short membrane invaginations, called caveolae, are often frequent at the smooth muscle cell surface
  • Very little sarcoplasmic reticulum
    *Regulatory proteins: myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK) and calmodulin
45
Q

Contains _____ and _____ that have no regular pattern hence not exhibiting striations

A

myosin, acting filaments

46
Q

Often frequent at the smooth muscle cell surface; short membrane invaginations

A

Caveolae

47
Q

connective tissue component of smooth muscle

A

Endomysium and less-organized CT sheaths

48
Q

the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber; multiple NUCLEI of a skeletal muscle fiber are located just beneath it.

A

sarcolemma

49
Q

CYTOPLASM of a muscle fiber

A

sarcoplasm

50
Q

Large molecules composed of many GLUCOSE molecules; can be used for ATP synthesis.

A

Glycogen

51
Q

red-colored protein; found only in muscles, binds oxygen molecules that diffuse into muscle fibers from interstitial fluid.

A

myoglobin

52
Q

myoglobin

A

red-colored protein; found only in muscles, binds oxygen molecules that diffuse into muscle fibers from interstitial fluid

53
Q

lie in rows throughout the muscle fiber, strategically close to the contractile muscle proteins that use ATP during contraction so that ATP can be produced quickly as needed.

A

mitochondria

54
Q

a structure analogous, but not identical, to the endoplasmic reticulum of other cells. The membrane of SR continually pumps Ca++ ions from the sarcoplasm and stores them within its sacs. Extensive in skeletal muscles.

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

55
Q

T tubules

A

allow electrical signals, or impulses, traveling along the sarcolemma to move deeper into the cell. Forms “triads” with the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

56
Q

allow electrical signals, or impulses, traveling along the sarcolemma to move deeper into the cell. Forms “triads” with the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A

T tubules

57
Q

the contractile organelles of skeletal muscle; about _______ in diameter and extend the entire length of a muscle fiber

A

Myofibrils, 2 um

58
Q

composed of the protein actin

A

thin filaments are 8 nm in diameter and 1–2 μm long

59
Q

composed of the protein myosin

A

thick filaments are 16 nm in diameter and 1–2 μm long

60
Q

the basic functional units of a myofibril

A

Sarcomeres

61
Q

Types of Sacromeres

A

Z discs
A band
I band
H zone
M line

62
Q

Narrow, plate-shaped regions of dense material that separate one sarcomere from the next

A

Z discs

63
Q

Dark, middle part of sarcomere that extends the entire length of thick filaments and includes parts of thin filament that overlap thick filaments.

A

A band

64
Q

Lighter, less dense area of sarcomere that contains remainder of thin filaments but no thick filaments. A Z disc passes through the center of each I band.

A

I band

65
Q

Narrow region in center of each A band that contains thick filaments but no thin filaments.

A

H zone

66
Q

Region in center of H zone that contains proteins that hold thick filaments together at center of sarcomere.

A

M line

67
Q

Muscle protein
Contractile Proteins

A

Generate force during muscle contractions

68
Q

2 types of contractile proteins

A

Myosin, Actin

69
Q

akes up thick filament; molecule consists of a tail and two myosin heads, which bind to myosin-binding sites on actin molecules of thin filament during muscle contraction.

A

Myosin

70
Q

Main component of thin filament; each actin molecule has a myosin-binding site where the myosin head of thick filament binds during muscle contraction.

A

Actin

71
Q

regulatory proteins

A

Help switch muscle contraction processes on and off.

72
Q

types of regulatory proteins

A

tropomyosin, troponin

73
Q

Component of thin filament; when skeletal muscle fiber is relaxed, tropomyosin covers myosin-binding sites on actin molecules, thereby preventing myosin from binding to actin.

A

tropomyosin

74
Q

Component of thin filament; when calcium ions (Ca2+) bind to troponin, it changes shape; this conformational change moves tropomyosin away from myosin-binding sites on actin molecules, and muscle contraction subsequently begins as myosin binds to actin.

A

Troponin

75
Q

Keep thick and thin filaments of _______ in proper alignment, give myofibrils _______ and _________, and link to ________ and ________.

A

myofibrils,
elasticity and extensibility
sarcolemma and extracellular matrix

76
Q

types of structural proteins

A

Titin
a-Actinin
Myomesin
Nebulin
Dystrophin

77
Q

Connects Z disc to M line of sarcomere, thereby helping to stabilize thick filament position

A

Titin

78
Q

can stretch and then spring back unharmed, and thus accounts for much of the elasticity and extensibility of myofibrils.

A

titin

79
Q

Structural protein of Z discs that attaches to actin molecules of thin filaments and to titin molecules.

A

a-Actinin

80
Q

Forms M line of sarcomere; binds to titin molecules and connects adjacent thick filaments to one another.

A

myomesin

81
Q

Wraps around the entire length of each thin filament; helps anchor thin filaments to Z discs and regulates length of thin filaments during development.

A

nebulin

82
Q

Links thin filaments of sarcomere to integral membrane proteins in sarcolemma, which are attached in turn to proteins in connective tissue matrix that surrounds muscle fibers.

A

Dystrophin

83
Q

thought to help reinforce sarcolemma and help transmit tension generated by sarcomeres to tendons.

A

Dystrophin

84
Q

types of skeletal muscle fibers

A

Slow Oxidative (SO) Fibers
Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic (FOG) Fibers
Fast Glycolytic (FG) Fibers

85
Q

SO Fibers appear _______ because they contain large amounts of ______ and many blood capillaries

A

dark red, myoglobin

86
Q

Contains many large mitochondria; therefore SO fibers generate ATP mainly by aerobic respiration

A

SO fibers

87
Q

SO Fibers are adapted for?

A

Adapted for maintaining posture and for aerobic, endurance-type activities.

88
Q

Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibers

A

Largest and contain large amounts of myoglobin and many blood capillaries; appears dark red

89
Q

FOG can generate ATP by?

A

aerobic respiration and anaerobic glycolysis

90
Q

Can generate ATP by aerobic respiration giving them moderately high resistance to fatigue

A

Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibers

91
Q

FOG Fibers can also generate ATP by anaerobic glycolysis due to ?

A

high levels of intracellular glycogen level

92
Q

T or F:
“Fast” because the ATPase in their myosin heads hydrolyzes ATP three to five times faster than the myosin ATPase in SO fibers making their speed of contraction faster

A

True

93
Q

T or F:
Twitches of FOG fibers reach tension more quickly than those of SO fibers but are briefer in duration—more than 1000 msec

A

False
- less than 100 msec

94
Q

FOG Fibers contribute

A

activities like walking and sprinting

95
Q

Have low myoglobin content, few blood capillaries, few mitochondria, and appear white in color

A

Fast Glycolytic (FG) Fibers

96
Q

Contain large amounts of glycogen and generate ATP mainly by glycolysis

A

FG Fibers

97
Q

FG fibers contract strongly and quickly due to their ability to

A

hydrolyze ATP rapidly

98
Q

T or F:
Fast-twitch fibers are adopted for intense anaerobic movements of short duration; fatigues quickly

A

True

99
Q

mature skeletal muscle fibers have lost the ability to undergo cell division, growth of skeletal muscle after birth is due mainly to

A

hypertrophy

100
Q

hypertrophy

A

enlargement of existing cells

101
Q

Repair and regeneration can occur in skeletal muscle because of a population of

A

reserve muscle satellite cells that can proliferate, fuse, and form new muscle fibers.

102
Q

lacks satellite cells and has little capacity for regeneration. Under certain circumstances, cardiac muscle tissue can regenerate.

A

Cardiac muscle

103
Q

T or F:
Smooth muscle tissue cannot undergo hypertrophy

A

False
it can undergo hypertrophy

104
Q

New smooth muscle fibers can arise from cells called _______, stem cells found in association with blood capillaries and small veins.

A

pericytes

105
Q

T or F:
Smooth muscle tissue has considerably greater powers of regeneration

A

True

106
Q

Regeneration is rapid in smooth muscle tissue because of?

A

the cells/fibers are small and relatively less differentiated, which allow renewed mitotic activity after injury.

ANAPHY LAB (1 decks)

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