Muscular and Skeletal Flashcards
The three (3) types of muscles
Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac Muscles
The group of muscles that is mainly involved in the breathing process
Thoracic Muscles
The primary function of muscular tissues?
Contraction
The muscle that is responsible for body movement, maintenance of posture, respiration, and production of body heat
Skeletal Muscle
The ability for a muscle to recoil and resume original tensile strength
Elasticity
The ability of a muscle to be stretched or extended
Extensibility
The ability of a muscle to receive and respond to stimuli
Excitability
The ability of a muscle to shorten forcibly
Contractibility
Where can smooth muscles be found?
Found in hollow organs and tubes
Called a “special muscle” as it is only found in the heart and helps pump blood throughout the body
Cardiac Muscles
Skeletal Muscles are elongated that has fibers appear striated due to ____ and ____
Actin & Myosin Filaments
This opposes the agonist
Antagonist
The muscle that is connected by intercalated disks
Cardiac Muscles
What is hypertrophy?
Increased on the muscle size, size of muscle fibers, resulting to increase number of myofibrils in the muscle fiber
What is Atrophy?
Decreased size of muscle, resulting to loss of muscle fibers
Decreased ability to work
Fatigue
The muscles involved in facial expression, mastication, movement of head and neck
Head & Neck Muscles
Four paired muscles containing the abdominal wall
Internal Oblique, External Oblique, Transverse Abdominis, Rectus Abdominis
_____ moves mandible from side to side
Pterygoid
Iliocostalis, Longissimus, Spinalis
3 Subgroups of of each side of vertebrae
Involved in later flexion and rotation of trunk
Abdominal Wall Muscles
A muscle that extends from vertebrae to ribs
Erector Spinae
The two paired muscles composing the pelvic diaphragm
Levator Ani & Cocygeus
_______ lifts the rib cage and increases thoracic volume
External Intercostals
Define endomysium
Thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds muscle fibers
Responsible for most body movements, maintain posture, stabilize joints, and generate heat
Skeletal Muscle
Sarcolemma is the _______ membrane of muscle celss
Specialized plasma
Name the rotator cuff muscles
Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, and Subscapularis
Most anterior muscles of the upper limb and forearms are _______
Flexors
Extends hips
Gluteus Maximus
Muscle that flexes the knee
Sartorius
Rectus Femoris, Vastus Medialis, __________, _________ are part of the anterior thigh muscles
Vastus Lateralis & Vastus Intermedius
Posterior thigh muscles
Hamstring, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, and Biceps Femoris
What is smooth muscle
Found in hollow organs, maintains blood pressure, squeezes or propels substances
Responsible for shoulder flexion, extension, and rotation
Deltoid
Aids in forced expiration
Internal Intercostals
_______ allows voluntary control of defecation
External Anal Sphincter
Muscles that assist in sexual intercourse
Ischiocavernosus & Bulbospongiosus
The three (3) compartments in the lower limb
Anterior Compartment, Lateral Compartment, Posterior Compartment
Movement in the posterior compartment
Flex the legs, Plantar Flex, Invert the foot, & Flex the toes
Movement in the anterior compartment
Inversion and Eversion of the Foot & Extension of Toes
Movement in the lateral compartment
Plantar Flex & Eversion of Foot
The number of bones and average adult has
206 Bones
Skeletal system can be divided into two
Axial Skeleton & Appendicular Skeleton
Away from midline
Abduction
Towards midline
Adduction
Support, Protection, Storage, and Blood Cell Production is ______
Function of the Bones
When does bone development begin
Week 8 of embryo
Bone forms replaces hyaline cartilage
Endochondral Ossification
Bones develops from fibrous membrane
Intramembranous Ossification
Epiphyseal Plate
The area where length increases because of growth
Epiphyseal Line
The epiphyseal plate has ossified causing bone growth length cease
The age of boys and girls when they reached the maximum growth of epiphyseal plate to form the epiphyseal line
Girls: 18, Boys: 21
A vitamin that is essential for calcium absorption
Vitamin D
Hormones that stimulate bone growth
Growth Hormone, Estrogen, and Testosterone
Osteoclasts
Produce bone matrix, becomes osteocytes, building bone cells, connects one cell to another
Responsible for bone break down
Osteoclasts
The two hormones that regulates calcium level
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) & Calcitonin
The place where two bones meet together
Joint
Joints are classified according to?
Function, Connective tissue that binds them, Presence or absence of fluid between
Three (3) types of joints:
Fibrous Joints, _________, Synovial Joints
Cartilaginous Joints
Describe Fibrous Joints
- connected by fibrous tissues with no joint cavity
- capable of very little to no movement
Sutures (mostly skull bones)
Interdigitating Bones
Joints with fibrous ligaments
Syndesmosis
Pegs fit into sockets (like teeth in the mandible area)
Gomphoses
Synchondroses
Joints where bones are joined by hyaline cartilage (epiphyseal plate)
Slightly movable joints made of fibrocartilage
Symphyses
Contains synovial fluid, articular cartilage, and placed in a certain cavity
Synovial Joint
Located at ends of bones, articular discs, and menisci to provide additional support
Articular Cartilage
Holds bones together while permitting flexibility
Joint Cavity
Synovial Membrane
Produces synovial fluid to lubricate joint
Type of joint connecting two flat surfaces
Plane
Type of joint that is cylindrical projection inside a ring (i.e. Radius Ulna)
Pivot
Hinge
Concave and Convex surfaces (i.e. elbow joint, knee joint)
Type of joint that has rounded surface into a socket (i.e. shoulder joint, femoral pelvic joint)
Ball - and - Socket Joint
Type of joint that is concave and convex surfaces (i.e. Radius Ulna, Base of Skull)
Ellipsoid
Type of joint that is has saddle - shaped surfaces
Saddle
A hinge joint that is capable of elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, lateral, and medial movement of the mandible
Temporomandibular Joint
A joint that is like a door, open close, open close, and limited to flexion and extension
Elbow Joint
ACL (injury in the knee joint)
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
Effects of Aging on the Joints
- Joint Rigidity
- Lesser synovial fluid
- Increased risk of fractures
The loss of some bone matrix can cause a break making it compromise certain activity such as walking, making it prone to femoral head replacement using titanium metals
Osteoporosis
There are _____ types of bones
Four (4)
Longer than wide, bones of arms and legs (except: wrists, ankles, knee caps)
Long Bone
Relatively thin, flattened shaped, usually curved (i.e. ribs, scapula, sternum, skull)
Flat Bone
A squat, cubed shape, wider than long (i.e. carpal & tarsal bones)
Short Bone
Has a shape that does not conform to others (i.e. vertebrae, pelvic girdle, facial bones)
Irregular Bone
Tubular shaft that forms axis of long bones, the bone itself that surrounds medullary cavity
Diaphysis
The _______ is a double layer of protective membrane covering the outer surface of the bone
Periosteum
The membrane covering the internal surfaces of the bone
Endosteum
The skeleton that protects the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs of the thorax area
Axial Skeleton
The bone that protects the brain
Braincase
Protects the sensory organs and serves as muscle attachment sites
Facial Bones
Holds the teeth and auditory ossicles
Mandible and Maxilla
Contains the eyes
Orbits
Divided by the nasal septum
Nasal Cavity
Four (4) types of sinuses
Frontal Sinus, Sphenoidal Sinus, Maxillary Sinus, and Ethmoidal Labyrinth
Blocked sinus, containing mucus or phlegm
Sinusitis
Ossicles
Bones in the middle ear, smallest bones in the body
Supports and protects spinal cord
Vertebral Column
The four (4) major curvatures
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral / Coccygeal
Components of Vertebral Column
7 Cervical, 12 Thoracic, 5 Lumbar, Sacrum, Coccyx
Intervertebral Discs
Helps hold the spinal cord in place
Common in pregnant women, exaggeration of lumbar concavity, goes back to normal after pregnancy
Lordosis
Exaggeration of thoracic concavity, typical hunchback
Kyphosis
Lateral bending of the vertebra
Scoliosis
There are ______ of ribs attached to the thoracic vertebrae
12 pairs
Number of pairs of true ribs
7
Number of pairs of false ribs (last two is considered as floating ribs)
5
Sternum is composed of?
Manubrium, Body, Xiphoid Process
Define true ribs
Directly connected from thoracic vertebra to sternum, via cartilage
Define false ribs
Connected from the thoracic vertebra to the sternum via the cartilage of the 7th rib
Define floating ribs
Connected only to the thoracic vertebra
Holds the upper extremity towards midline of the body
Pectoral Girdle
Attachment site for shoulder, back, and arm muscles
Scapula
Holds shoulder away from body, allows movement for scapula
Clavicle
______ is divided into three (3) major bones
Upper Limb
Major bones of the upper limb
Humerus, Ulna, Radius
There are eight (8) _______
Carpal Bones
There are _______ metacarpal bones
5
Digital bones are also known as ________
Phalanges
How many phalanges are there in a finger?
3 Phalanges except thumb (2 only)
Holds the lower extremities towards midline
Pelvic Girdle
True or False
Females have bigger pelvic inlet and outlet
True, because for the to be able to give normal delivery to a baby
Lower limb is composed of
Femur, Tibia, Fibula
True or False
The common area of fracture for osteoporosis is at the femur
False, the common area of fracture is the HEAD of the femur
What creates the bump at the ankle joint
Medial Malleolus
How are bone fractures classified?
- Position of the bone ends after fracture
- Completeness of break
- Orientation of bone to the long axis
- Whether or not bone ends penetrate the skin
A fracture wherein there really is no break o just a small fracture
Incomplete
A fracture wherein it is secondary to pressure or weight
Impacted
A fracture where the bones is completely shattered
Comminuted
A fracture where the break is at a certain angle
Oblique
A fracture where it penetrates the skin
Open
A fracture common among kids
Greenstick
A fracture that shows a twisting motion on the bone
Spiral
Occurs when two flat surfaces glide over one another
Gliding Movement
Special Movement
Elevation, Depression, Protraction, Retraction, Excursion, Opposition, Reposition, Inversion, Eversion
True or False
Angular Movements include flexion, extension, plantar flexion, dorsiflexion, abduction, adduction
True
True or False
Two or more movement is known as “Multi Movement”
False, it is called “Combination Movement”
Rotation, Pronation, Supination, and Circumduction
Circular Movement
