Muscular and Skeletal Flashcards
1
Q
The three (3) types of muscles
A
Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac Muscles
2
Q
The group of muscles that is mainly involved in the breathing process
A
Thoracic Muscles
3
Q
The primary function of muscular tissues?
A
Contraction
4
Q
The muscle that is responsible for body movement, maintenance of posture, respiration, and production of body heat
A
Skeletal Muscle
5
Q
The ability for a muscle to recoil and resume original tensile strength
A
Elasticity
6
Q
The ability of a muscle to be stretched or extended
A
Extensibility
7
Q
The ability of a muscle to receive and respond to stimuli
A
Excitability
8
Q
The ability of a muscle to shorten forcibly
A
Contractibility
9
Q
Where can smooth muscles be found?
A
Found in hollow organs and tubes
10
Q
Called a “special muscle” as it is only found in the heart and helps pump blood throughout the body
A
Cardiac Muscles
11
Q
Skeletal Muscles are elongated that has fibers appear striated due to ____ and ____
A
Actin & Myosin Filaments
12
Q
This opposes the agonist
A
Antagonist
13
Q
The muscle that is connected by intercalated disks
A
Cardiac Muscles
14
Q
What is hypertrophy?
A
Increased on the muscle size, size of muscle fibers, resulting to increase number of myofibrils in the muscle fiber
15
Q
What is Atrophy?
A
Decreased size of muscle, resulting to loss of muscle fibers
16
Q
Decreased ability to work
A
Fatigue
17
Q
The muscles involved in facial expression, mastication, movement of head and neck
A
Head & Neck Muscles
18
Q
Four paired muscles containing the abdominal wall
A
Internal Oblique, External Oblique, Transverse Abdominis, Rectus Abdominis
19
Q
_____ moves mandible from side to side
A
Pterygoid
20
Q
Iliocostalis, Longissimus, Spinalis
A
3 Subgroups of of each side of vertebrae
21
Q
Involved in later flexion and rotation of trunk
A
Abdominal Wall Muscles
22
Q
A muscle that extends from vertebrae to ribs
A
Erector Spinae
23
Q
The two paired muscles composing the pelvic diaphragm
A
Levator Ani & Cocygeus
24
Q
_______ lifts the rib cage and increases thoracic volume
A
External Intercostals
25
Define endomysium
Thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds muscle fibers
26
Responsible for most body movements, maintain posture, stabilize joints, and generate heat
Skeletal Muscle
27
Sarcolemma is the _______ membrane of muscle celss
Specialized plasma
28
Name the rotator cuff muscles
Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, and Subscapularis
29
Most anterior muscles of the upper limb and forearms are _______
Flexors
30
Extends hips
Gluteus Maximus
31
Muscle that flexes the knee
Sartorius
32
Rectus Femoris, Vastus Medialis, __________, _________ are part of the anterior thigh muscles
Vastus Lateralis & Vastus Intermedius
33
Posterior thigh muscles
Hamstring, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, and Biceps Femoris
34
What is smooth muscle
Found in hollow organs, maintains blood pressure, squeezes or propels substances
35
Responsible for shoulder flexion, extension, and rotation
Deltoid
36
Aids in forced expiration
Internal Intercostals
37
_______ allows voluntary control of defecation
External Anal Sphincter
38
Muscles that assist in sexual intercourse
Ischiocavernosus & Bulbospongiosus
39
The three (3) compartments in the lower limb
Anterior Compartment, Lateral Compartment, Posterior Compartment
40
Movement in the posterior compartment
Flex the legs, Plantar Flex, Invert the foot, & Flex the toes
41
Movement in the anterior compartment
Inversion and Eversion of the Foot & Extension of Toes
42
Movement in the lateral compartment
Plantar Flex & Eversion of Foot
43
The number of bones and average adult has
206 Bones
44
Skeletal system can be divided into two
Axial Skeleton & Appendicular Skeleton
45
Away from midline
Abduction
46
Towards midline
Adduction
47
Support, Protection, Storage, and Blood Cell Production is ______
Function of the Bones
48
When does bone development begin
Week 8 of embryo
49
Bone forms replaces hyaline cartilage
Endochondral Ossification
50
Bones develops from fibrous membrane
Intramembranous Ossification
51
Epiphyseal Plate
The area where length increases because of growth
52
Epiphyseal Line
The epiphyseal plate has ossified causing bone growth length cease
53
The age of boys and girls when they reached the maximum growth of epiphyseal plate to form the epiphyseal line
Girls: 18, Boys: 21
54
A vitamin that is essential for calcium absorption
Vitamin D
55
Hormones that stimulate bone growth
Growth Hormone, Estrogen, and Testosterone
56
Osteoclasts
Produce bone matrix, becomes osteocytes, building bone cells, connects one cell to another
57
Responsible for bone break down
Osteoclasts
58
The two hormones that regulates calcium level
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) & Calcitonin
59
The place where two bones meet together
Joint
60
Joints are classified according to?
Function, Connective tissue that binds them, Presence or absence of fluid between
61
Three (3) types of joints:
Fibrous Joints, _________, Synovial Joints
Cartilaginous Joints
62
Describe Fibrous Joints
1. connected by fibrous tissues with no joint cavity
2. capable of very little to no movement
63
Sutures (mostly skull bones)
Interdigitating Bones
64
Joints with fibrous ligaments
Syndesmosis
65
Pegs fit into sockets (like teeth in the mandible area)
Gomphoses
66
Synchondroses
Joints where bones are joined by hyaline cartilage (epiphyseal plate)
67
Slightly movable joints made of fibrocartilage
Symphyses
68
Contains synovial fluid, articular cartilage, and placed in a certain cavity
Synovial Joint
69
Located at ends of bones, articular discs, and menisci to provide additional support
Articular Cartilage
70
Holds bones together while permitting flexibility
Joint Cavity
71
Synovial Membrane
Produces synovial fluid to lubricate joint
72
Type of joint connecting two flat surfaces
Plane
73
Type of joint that is cylindrical projection inside a ring (i.e. Radius Ulna)
Pivot
74
Hinge
Concave and Convex surfaces (i.e. elbow joint, knee joint)
75
Type of joint that has rounded surface into a socket (i.e. shoulder joint, femoral pelvic joint)
Ball - and - Socket Joint
76
Type of joint that is concave and convex surfaces (i.e. Radius Ulna, Base of Skull)
Ellipsoid
77
Type of joint that is has saddle - shaped surfaces
Saddle
78
A hinge joint that is capable of elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, lateral, and medial movement of the mandible
Temporomandibular Joint
79
A joint that is like a door, open close, open close, and limited to flexion and extension
Elbow Joint
80
ACL (injury in the knee joint)
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
81
Effects of Aging on the Joints
1. Joint Rigidity
2. Lesser synovial fluid
3. Increased risk of fractures
82
The loss of some bone matrix can cause a break making it compromise certain activity such as walking, making it prone to femoral head replacement using titanium metals
Osteoporosis
83
There are _____ types of bones
Four (4)
84
Longer than wide, bones of arms and legs (except: wrists, ankles, knee caps)
Long Bone
85
Relatively thin, flattened shaped, usually curved (i.e. ribs, scapula, sternum, skull)
Flat Bone
86
A squat, cubed shape, wider than long (i.e. carpal & tarsal bones)
Short Bone
87
Has a shape that does not conform to others (i.e. vertebrae, pelvic girdle, facial bones)
Irregular Bone
88
Tubular shaft that forms axis of long bones, the bone itself that surrounds medullary cavity
Diaphysis
89
The _______ is a double layer of protective membrane covering the outer surface of the bone
Periosteum
90
The membrane covering the internal surfaces of the bone
Endosteum
91
The skeleton that protects the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs of the thorax area
Axial Skeleton
92
The bone that protects the brain
Braincase
93
Protects the sensory organs and serves as muscle attachment sites
Facial Bones
94
Holds the teeth and auditory ossicles
Mandible and Maxilla
95
Contains the eyes
Orbits
96
Divided by the nasal septum
Nasal Cavity
97
Four (4) types of sinuses
Frontal Sinus, Sphenoidal Sinus, Maxillary Sinus, and Ethmoidal Labyrinth
98
Blocked sinus, containing mucus or phlegm
Sinusitis
99
Ossicles
Bones in the middle ear, smallest bones in the body
100
Supports and protects spinal cord
Vertebral Column
101
The four (4) major curvatures
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral / Coccygeal
102
Components of Vertebral Column
7 Cervical, 12 Thoracic, 5 Lumbar, Sacrum, Coccyx
103
Intervertebral Discs
Helps hold the spinal cord in place
104
Common in pregnant women, exaggeration of lumbar concavity, goes back to normal after pregnancy
Lordosis
105
Exaggeration of thoracic concavity, typical hunchback
Kyphosis
106
Lateral bending of the vertebra
Scoliosis
107
There are ______ of ribs attached to the thoracic vertebrae
12 pairs
108
Number of pairs of true ribs
7
109
Number of pairs of false ribs (last two is considered as floating ribs)
5
110
Sternum is composed of?
Manubrium, Body, Xiphoid Process
111
Define true ribs
Directly connected from thoracic vertebra to sternum, via cartilage
112
Define false ribs
Connected from the thoracic vertebra to the sternum via the cartilage of the 7th rib
113
Define floating ribs
Connected only to the thoracic vertebra
114
Holds the upper extremity towards midline of the body
Pectoral Girdle
115
Attachment site for shoulder, back, and arm muscles
Scapula
116
Holds shoulder away from body, allows movement for scapula
Clavicle
117
______ is divided into three (3) major bones
Upper Limb
118
Major bones of the upper limb
Humerus, Ulna, Radius
119
There are eight (8) _______
Carpal Bones
120
There are _______ metacarpal bones
5
121
Digital bones are also known as ________
Phalanges
122
How many phalanges are there in a finger?
3 Phalanges except thumb (2 only)
123
Holds the lower extremities towards midline
Pelvic Girdle
124
True or False
Females have bigger pelvic inlet and outlet
True, because for the to be able to give normal delivery to a baby
125
Lower limb is composed of
Femur, Tibia, Fibula
126
True or False
The common area of fracture for osteoporosis is at the femur
False, the common area of fracture is the HEAD of the femur
127
What creates the bump at the ankle joint
Medial Malleolus
128
How are bone fractures classified?
- Position of the bone ends after fracture
- Completeness of break
- Orientation of bone to the long axis
- Whether or not bone ends penetrate the skin
129
A fracture wherein there really is no break o just a small fracture
Incomplete
130
A fracture wherein it is secondary to pressure or weight
Impacted
131
A fracture where the bones is completely shattered
Comminuted
132
A fracture where the break is at a certain angle
Oblique
133
A fracture where it penetrates the skin
Open
134
A fracture common among kids
Greenstick
135
A fracture that shows a twisting motion on the bone
Spiral
136
Occurs when two flat surfaces glide over one another
Gliding Movement
137
Special Movement
Elevation, Depression, Protraction, Retraction, Excursion, Opposition, Reposition, Inversion, Eversion
138
True or False
Angular Movements include flexion, extension, plantar flexion, dorsiflexion, abduction, adduction
True
139
True or False
Two or more movement is known as "Multi Movement"
False, it is called "Combination Movement"
140
Rotation, Pronation, Supination, and Circumduction
Circular Movement
