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PE paper 1 > Muscoskeletal system > Flashcards

Muscoskeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 bones make up the shoulder?

A

Scapula, clavicle, and humerus

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2
Q

Bones in the head?

A

Cranium and mandible

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3
Q

Bones in the feet?

A

Talus, tarsals, metarsals, phalanges

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4
Q

Bones in the lower leg?

A

Tibia (front), fibula (back)

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5
Q

Bones that make up the knee

A

Tibia, patella, femur

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6
Q

Bones in the hand?

A

Carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

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7
Q

Bones in the hip and pelvis

A

Pelvis, sacrum, tailbone (cocox)

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8
Q

Bones in the upper body

A

Sternum, ribs, vertebrae

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9
Q

What are long bones

A

Long, straight bones that allow gross movements eg. Femur

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10
Q

What are short bones

A

Small bones that allow fine, controlled movements eg. Carpals

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11
Q

What are flat bones

A

Large, flat bones that usually protect vital organs eg. Ribs

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12
Q

What are irregular bones

A

Specifically shaped to protect parts of the body eg. Vertebrae

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13
Q

What are the 6 functions of the skeletal system

A

Movement
Mineral storage
Protection
Support
Production of red blood cells
Shape

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14
Q

Explain movement of the skeleton

A

Provides a place for muscles to attach to.
When muscles contract they pull on tendons, which are attached to bones.

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15
Q

Explain mineral storage of the skeleton

A

Bones stores several minerals including calcium and phosphorus, which are released into the blood when needed to maintain health.

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16
Q

Explain protection of the skeleton

A

Flat bones protect vital organs from impacts and injuries when playing sport.

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17
Q

Explain support of the skeleton

A

The bones are solid and rigid.
They keep us upright and hold the muscles and organs in place.

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18
Q

Explain production of red blood cells in the skeleton

A

The inner marrow of long bones produces red and white blood cells.
Red blood cells carry oxygen to the working muscles.
White blood cells help fight infections and help maintain good health.

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19
Q

Explain shape in the skeleton

A

The skeleton gives us our shape, height, and build.

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20
Q

What is a synovial joint

A

Where two or more bones meet

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21
Q

What are connective tissues

A

Consist of ligaments, cartilage and tendons

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22
Q

Role of tendons

A

Attaches muscle to bone

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23
Q

Role of ligament

A

Attaches bone to bone, to help stabilise joint

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24
Q

How is a joint held together

A

By ligaments which give the joints their stability

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25
Q

Where is cartilage found

A

At the ends of bones and where joints meet

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26
Q

What is dorsiflexion

A

Angle of the joint decreasing at the ankle

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27
Q

What is plantarflexion

A

Angle of the joint increasing at the ankle

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28
Q

What is abduction

A

Movement away from the mid-line of the body

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29
Q

What is adduction

A

Movement towards the mid-line of the body

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30
Q

What is circumduction

A

Circular movement around the joint

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31
Q

What is flexion

A

Angle of the joint is decreasing

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32
Q

What is extension

A

Angle of the joint is increasing

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33
Q

What is rotation

A

Turning around an axis/fixed point

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34
Q

What are hinge joints

A

Allow body parts to move forwards and backwards, but not side to side.

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35
Q

What are ball and socket joints

A

The rounded end of one bone fits inside a cup-shaped ending on another bone.

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36
Q

What do deltoids do

A

Abduction of the shoulder

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37
Q

What do rotator cuffs do

A

Provides stability for the shoulder

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38
Q

What do pectorals do

A

Aids the process of inspiration

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39
Q

What do biceps do

A

Responsible for flexion at the elbow

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40
Q

What do triceps do

A

Cause extension at the elbow

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41
Q

What do abdominals do

A

Aid the process of expiration

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42
Q

What do hip flexors do

A

Cause flexion at the hip

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43
Q

What do gluteals do

A

Cause extension at the hip

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44
Q

Synovial Membrane

A

Produces synovial fluid

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45
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Provides lubrication at a joint

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46
Q

Bursae

A

Sacks of fluid at a joint that reduce friction

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47
Q

Joint capsule

A

Encloses/supports the joint

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48
Q

Concentric Contraction

A

When the muscle contracts and shortens e.g. when bending the elbow, the biceps is the agonist

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49
Q

Concentric Contraction

A

When the muscle contracts and shortens e.g. when bending the elbow, the biceps is the agonist

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50
Q

Isometric Contraction

A

When the muscle contracts but stays the same length e.g. tug of war, planking

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51
Q

Eccentric contraction

A

When the muscle lengthens (relaxes) e.g. when bending the elbow, the antagonist is the tricep which lengthens

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52
Q

Eccentric contraction

A

When the muscle lengthens (relaxes) e.g. when bending the elbow, the antagonist is the tricep which lengthens

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53
Q

Agonist (prime mover)

A

The prime mover or agonist is the muscle which initially contracts to start the movement e.g. biceps during a dumbbell curl.

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54
Q

Antagonist

A

The muscle that relaxes to allow the movement to take place e.g. triceps during a dumbbell curl.

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55
Q

What does SPORT stand for.

A

Specificity, Progressive Overload, Reversibility, Tedium

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56
Q

What does FITT stand for?

A

Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type

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57
Q

Frequency

A

How often you train

58
Q

Intensity

A

How hard you train

59
Q

Time

A

How long you train for

60
Q

Type

A

Which type of training you use

61
Q

Reversibility Principle

A

The benefits of exercise and training are lost if injury or inactivity occur

62
Q

progressive overload principle

A

training system that gradually increases the demand on the body

63
Q

Tedium principle

A

Changing the type of training method to prevent boredom

64
Q

Wall toss test

A

A test of coordination

65
Q

Multi stage fitness test

A

A test of cardiovascular endurance

66
Q

Stork balance test

A

A test of balance

67
Q

Ruler drop test

A

A test of reaction time

68
Q

One rep max test

A

A test of muscular strength

69
Q

Hand grip dynamometer test

A

A test for strength

70
Q

Sit up bleep test

A

A test of muscular endurance

71
Q

Illinois agility test

A

A test of agility

72
Q

Vertical Jump Test

A

A test of power

73
Q

sit and reach test

A

A test of flexibility

74
Q

30m sprint test

A

A test of speed

75
Q

Tidal Volume

A

Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a normal breath

76
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation

77
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation

78
Q

residual volume

A

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation

79
Q

Spirometer trace

A

measure lung volumes

80
Q

Gaseous exchange

A

The process where oxygen is taken in from the air and exchanged for carbon dioxide

81
Q

inspiration

A

breathing in

82
Q

expiration

A

breathing out

83
Q

intercostal muscles

A

muscles between the ribs

84
Q

Diaphragm

A

Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing

85
Q

passage of air to lungs

A

mouth, nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

86
Q

Heart Rate (HR)

A

number of heart beats per minute

87
Q

cardiac output

A

The volume of blood ejected from the left side of the heart in one minute. HR x SV

88
Q

Stroke Volume

A

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction.

89
Q

Veins

A

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

90
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart

91
Q

capilaries

A

microscopic blood vessels that connect arteries and veins

92
Q

Deoxygenated blood

A

Blood that contains little oxygen

93
Q

Oxygenated blood

A

Blood rich in oxygen

94
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

A complete heartbeat consisting of contraction and relaxation of both atria and both ventricles

95
Q

Pathway of blood through the heart

A

Right atrium -> right ventricle -> out of heart -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> out of heart

96
Q

Systole

A

Contraction of the heart

97
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation of the heart

98
Q

Vasodilation

A

Widening of blood vessels

99
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Narrowing of blood vessels

100
Q

Anaerobic exercise

A

Intense short bursts of activity in which the muscles work so hard that they produce energy without using oxygen

101
Q

Aerobic exercise

A

Sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness

102
Q

EPOC

A

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption

103
Q

Oxygen debt (epoc)

A

The amount of oxygen required to restore muscles to their resting state after exercise

104
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in muscle size

105
Q

1st class lever

A

Fulcrum in the middle

106
Q

2nd class lever

A

Fulcrum at the end, load in the middle, e.g. Wheel barrow

107
Q

3rd class lever

A

Fulcrum at the end, effort in the middle

108
Q

Frontal plane

A

Divides the body into front and back portions

109
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Divides body into left and right

110
Q

Transverse plane

A

Line that divides the body into upper and lower sections

111
Q

Sagittal plane movements

A

Flexion and extension

112
Q

Frontal plane movements

A

Abduction and addiction

113
Q

Longitudinal axis

A

An imaginary long, straight line that cuts through the body from top to bottom

114
Q

Transverse axis

A

A line running laterally, across the body (side to side)

115
Q

Sagittal axis

A

Point that runs through a joint from front to back

116
Q

Mechanical advantage

A

The ratio of the output force to the input force

117
Q

Cardiovascular endurance

A

The ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to the working muscles

118
Q

Coordination

A

The ability to use two or more body parts together

119
Q

Reaction time

A

The amount of time taken to respond to a stimulus

120
Q

Muscular endurance

A

The ability of your muscles to perform physical tasks over a period of time without tiring

121
Q

Balance

A

The ability to keep an upright posture while standing still or moving

122
Q

Muscular power

A

Amount of work performed by muscles in a given period of time

123
Q

Muscular strength

A

The amount of force a muscle can exert

124
Q

Agility

A

Ability to move quickly and easily

125
Q

Flexibility

A

The ability to move your body parts through their full range of motion

126
Q

Speed

A

The distance an object travels per unit of time

127
Q

Aerobic training zone

A

60 - 80% of MHR

128
Q

Anaerobic training zone

A

80-90% of MHR

129
Q

Maximum heart rate (mmr)

A

220 - your age

130
Q

Interval training

A

Alternating periods of work with active recovery

131
Q

Fartlek training

A

Allows an athlete to run at varying speeds, over unmeasured distances on different terrain.

132
Q

Continuous training

A

Involves working for a sustained period of time without rest.it improves cardio-vascator fitness

133
Q

Circuit training

A

Performing a series of exercises one, after the other, with minimal rest

134
Q

Plyometrics

A

High-intensity movements involving high-force loading of body weight.

135
Q

Altitude training

A

Aerobic training high above sea level, where oxygen levels are lower

136
Q

Static stretching

A

A technique in which a muscle is slowly and gently stretched and then held in the stretched position

137
Q

Weight training

A

Physical training that involves lifting weights

138
Q

Training seasons

A

Pre season, competition, post season

139
Q

Quantitate data

A

Numerical data

140
Q

Qualitative data

A

Descriptive data

PE paper 1 (1 decks)

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