muscles, tendons (very basic terms), muscle groups (general action of main muscle groups)

Question 1

agonist

Answer 1

any muscle that produces certain effect

Question 2

antagonist

Answer 2

muscle that actively opposes (the) movement (that is caused by agonist?)

Question 3

synergists (2 POINTS)

Answer 3

• other muscles (not agonist/antagonist) that may modify action of agonist e.g. by eliminating unwanted side effect
• do NOT facilitate OR directly oppose movement

Question 4

fixators

Answer 4

muscle employed to stabilise joint rather than employ movement

Question 5

(tendons)

points of…origin

Answer 5

attachment to more proximal/central bone? (more stable bone?)

• WILL CHANGE DEPENDENT ON THE TYPE OF THE INDIVIDUAL MOVEMENT/DEPENDS ON THE SPECIFIC ACTION - like with agonists/antagonists??? *

Question 6

(tendons)

points of…insertion

Answer 6

attachment to more distal/peripheral bone? (more moveable bone?)

• WILL CHANGE DEPENDENT ON THE TYPE OF THE INDIVIDUAL MOVEMENT/DEPENDS ON THE SPECIFIC ACTION - like with agonists/antagonists??? *

Question 7

triceps brachii (muscle GROUP): give the function/action

Answer 7

EXTENSION of ELBOW

(+flexion of shoulder? - not sure)

Question 8

biceps brachii (muscle GROUP): give the function/action

Answer 8

FLEXION of ELBOW

(+extension of shoulder? - not sure)

Question 9

EPAXIAL MUSCLES (muscle GROUP):

give the function/action

Answer 9

EXTENSION of VERTEBRAL COLUMN

Question 10

HYPAXIAL MUSCLES (muscle GROUP):

give the function/action

Answer 10

FLEXION of NECK AND TAIL

Question 11

STERNOCEPHALICUS (muscle GROUP):

give the function/action

Answer 11

FLEXION of NECK

Question 12

Supraspinatus
infraspinatus
and subscapularis (muscle GROUP???):

give the function/action

Answer 12

FLEXION of shoulder joint laterally???

Question 13

GLUTEAL MUSCLES (muscle GROUP):

give the function/action

Answer 13

EXTENSION of HIP ?abduction

Question 14

SEMIMEMBRANOUS
and
SEMITENDINOSUS (muscle GROUPS?):

give the function/action

Answer 14

EXTENSION of HIP JOINT (moves trunk forward?)

Question 15

QUADRICEPS FEMORIS (muscle GROUP):

give the function/action

Answer 15

(principle) EXTENSOR of STIFLE

Question 16

main function of SDFT and DDFT

Answer 16

flexion of fetlock?

Question 17

main function of TIOM

Answer 17

prevents hyperextension of metacarpophalangeal joint (fetlock)

• suspensory ligament?

Question 18

name the contractile cells in…SMOOTH muscle

Answer 18

leiomyocytes

Question 19

name the contractile cells in…SKELETAL muscle

Answer 19

rhabdomyocytes (merge to make myofibres - muscle fibres)

Question 20

name the contractile cells in…CARDIAC muscle

Answer 20

cardiomyocytes

Question 21

3 ways in which the types of muscle cell can be distinguished histologically? (by looking at the cells down microscope)

Answer 21

• shape and size of cells
• no and org. of nuclei
• org of contractile elements

Question 22

I