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09. Year 2: Nervous System > Muscles of the Eye > Flashcards

Muscles of the Eye Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different categories of the occular muscles?

A

Intrinsic muscles

Extrinsic muscles

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2
Q

What do the intrinsic muscles do?

A

Controls the pupil diameter and helps lens curvature to enable us to see near objects

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3
Q

What do the extrinsic muscles do?

A

Move the eye

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4
Q

What are the 6 extrinsic muscles?

A

4 straight muscles called recti:

medial rectus

lateral rectus

inferior rectus

superior rectus

2 oblique msucles:

superior oblique

inferior oblique

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5
Q

Where do the recti extrinsic muscles arise from?

A

Apex of the orbit from an annular fibrous ring

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6
Q

Where does the superior oblique muscle arise from?

A

Roof of the orbit posteriorly

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7
Q

Where does the inferior oblique muscle arise from?

A

Floor of orbit anteriorly

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8
Q

What muscle runs to the upper eyelid and elevates it?

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

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9
Q

Where does the levator palpebrae superioris lie?

A

Above the superior rectus muscle

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10
Q

What is the origin of the levator palpebrae superioris?

A

Roof of orbit

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11
Q

What is the insertion of the levator palpebrae superioris?

A

Upper eyelid

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12
Q

What is the origin of all recti muscles?

A

Tendinous ring

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13
Q

What is the insertion of all recti muscles?

A

Sclera anteriorly

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14
Q

What is the origin of the superior oblique muscle?

A

Lesser wing of sphenoid

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15
Q

What is the insertion of the superior oblique muscle?

A

Sclera posteriorly

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16
Q

What is the origin of the inferior oblique muscle?

A

Medial part of orbit floor

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17
Q

What is the insertion of the inferior oblique muscle?

A

Sclera posteriorly

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18
Q

What are factors that affect the way muscles pull the eye?

A

Axis of orbit vs eyeball (muscles are attached along orbital axis not optical axis, so they pull at an angle and each muscle has more than one action)

Where the muscles attaches to sclera in relation to the equator of the eye (oblique muscles are attached to posterior part fo they pull posterior part up/down and anterior part moves in the opposite direction)

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19
Q

What are uniocular eye movements?

A
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20
Q

What are binocular eye movements?

A
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21
Q

What is intorsion?

A

When the top of the eyeball rotates towards the nose

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22
Q

What is extorsion?

A

When the top of the eyeball rotates away from the nose

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23
Q

Each muscle has a primary, maybe secondary, and maybe tertiary action. What are the action(s) of the medial rectus?

A

Primary - adduction

Secondary - none

Tertiary - none

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24
Q

Each muscle has a primary, maybe secondary, and maybe tertiary action. What are the action(s) of the lateral rectus?

A

Primary - abduction

Secondary - none

Tertiary - none

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25
Each muscle has a primary, maybe secondary, and maybe tertiary action. What are the action(s) of the superior rectus?
Primary - elevation Secondary - adduction Tertiary - intorsion
26
Each muscle has a primary, maybe secondary, and maybe tertiary action. What are the action(s) of the inferior rectus?
Primary - depressoin Secondary - adduction Tertiary - extorsion
27
Each muscle has a primary, maybe secondary, and maybe tertiary action. What are the action(s) of the superior oblique?
Primary - intorsion Secondary - depression Tertiary - abduction
28
Each muscle has a primary, maybe secondary, and maybe tertiary action. What are the action(s) of the inferior oblique?
Primary - extorsion Secondary - elevation Tertiary - abduction
29
Why do muscles have more than one action?
They are attached along the orbital axis not the optical axis
30
What is the only elevator of the abducted eye?
Superior rectus
31
In the abducted position what muscle elevates/depresses the eye?
Superior and inferior obliques
32
In the adducted position, what muscles elevate/depress the eye?
Superior and inferior recti
33
What is the clinical condition where the muscles of the eye do not work properly?
Strabismus (squint)
34
What is a strabismus?
Misalignment of the eyes
35
What are the 2 kinds of strabismus?
Esotropia (manifest convergent squint) Exotropia (manifest divergent squint)
36
What are the functional consequences of a strabismus?
Ambylopia (lazy eye) Diplopia (double vision)
37
What is ambylopia?
The brain suppresses the image of one eye leading to poor vision in that eye without any pathology (lazy eye)
38
What is diplopia?
Double vision, usually occurs in quints occuring as a result of nerve palsies
39
What is the medical term for a lazy eye?
Amblyopia
40
What are the 3 intrinsic muscles of the eye?
Cilaris muscle Constrictor pupullae Dilator pupillae
41
What is the ciliaris muscle for?
Focussing on near objects
42
What is the ciliaris muscle innervated by?
Parasympathetic nervous system (CN III)
43
What is the constrictor pupillae innervated by?
Parasympathetic nervous system (CN III)
44
Where is the ciliaris muscle found?
In ciliary body
45
Where is the constrictor pupillae muscle found?
In iris at pupillary border
46
What shape of muscle is the constrictor pupillae?
Circular muscle
47
Where is the dilator pupillae found?
Radially running muscle in iris
48
What is the dilator pupillae innervated by?
Sympathetic nervous system fom plexus around blood vessels
49
What shape is the dilator pupillae muscle?
Radially running longitudinal muscle
50
How does increased illumination impact the pupil?
Activates parasympathetic nervous system that leads to both pupils constricting
51
How does decreased illumination impact the pupil?
Activates the sympathetic nervous system that leads to both pupils dilating
52
Explain the process of eliciting the pupillary reflex?
1) Start in a dimly lit room (pupils dilated) 2) Pen torch in front of one eye checking both pupils constricting (direct and consensual reflex) 3) Swing the light to the other side, both pupils should remain constricted
53
What are the 2 pathways for light reflex?
Afferent limb Efferent limb
54
Explain the process of the afferent limb pathway for light reflex?
1) Light falls on the retina causing impulses to travel along the optic nerve -\> optic chiasma -\> optic tract 2) Fibres destined to activate the pupillar reflex do not go to the LGB, instead they leave the optic tract and go to the midbrain where the IIIn nucleus is situated) 3) Part of the IIIn (CN III) nucleus is the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EWN) for parasympathetic fibres, the pupillary reflec fibres go to EWN of both sides
55
What does EWN stand for?
Edinger-Westphal nucleus
56
Explain the process of the efferent limb for light reflex?
1) From EWN (part of IIIn nucleus) 2) Preganglionic parasympahetic pass through IIIn into orbit 3) Parasympathetic fibres go to and synapse in ciliary ganglion 4) Postganglionic fibres go through short ciliary nerves to constrictor papillae 5) Pupillary constriction of both sides
57
What is the medical term for pupils being different sizes?
Anisocoria
58
What is an example of an abnormality where the pupils are different sizes?
Horner's syndrome
59
What is Horner syndrome?
Rare disorder characterised by constricted pupil (miosis), drooping of the upper eyelid (ptosis), absence of sweating of the face (anhidrosis) and sinking of the eyeball into the bony cavity that protects the eye (enophthalmos)
60
How can pupils be abnormal but look normal?
May look normal but react to light abnormally (abnormal light reflex)
61
What are some examples of causes of absent/abnormal pupillary reflex?
Any abnormality of afferent limb/centre/efferent limb of the reflex Diseases of the retina (detachment, degernation, dystrophies) Diseases of the optic nerve (such as optic neuritis) Diseases of CN III (efferent limb problem)
62
What is an example of a medical cause that can cause IIIn palsy?
Diabetes
63
What is the medical term for drooping of the eyelids?
Ptosis
64
What is the medical term for loss of sweating?
Anhidrosis
65
In Horner's syndrome, which pupil is constricted?
Pupil of the affected eye
66
Explain the sympathetic innervaiton of the eye?
Thoracolumbar outflow of the sympathetic Sympathetic cain and cervical ganglia In head and neck postganglionic fibres travel along with blood vessels
67
What is an example of something that can cause Horner's syndrome?
A disruption at any point of the sympathetic pathway, an example being Pancoast's tumour of the lungs

09. Year 2: Nervous System (48 decks)

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