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Biology 14 Exam 2 > Muscles II > Flashcards

Muscles II Flashcards

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2
Q

What is a contraction where the length of the muscle doesn’t change, but it does tense?

A

Iso-metric contraction

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3
Q

What is a contraction where the amount of force/tension is constant, and the length of the muscle does change?

A

Iso-tonic contraction

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4
Q

What does a Force Velocity Curve show?

A

The velocity of a given muscle contraction depending on the force that it is trying to pull.

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5
Q

What contracts at faster velocity, red or white?

A

White

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6
Q

Force the same veolcity, a white fiber generates more ___________

A

Force

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7
Q

What shape does a power/velocity curve have?

A

Upside down U

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8
Q

What is the optimal muscle velocity for generating as much power as possible?

A

40% of maximal

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9
Q

What generates more power, red or white fibers?

A

White

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10
Q

What uses more energy (even for a given shortening), red or white?

A

White

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11
Q

What fiber is more efficient, red or white?

A

Red

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12
Q

Where is the red muscle in a fish, how about the white muscle?

A

Red is along sides, white is on top and bottom

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13
Q

What do we call Type IIb muscle? How about Type I muscle?

A

White, red

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14
Q

What does a fish use when swimming normal speed?

A

Red fibers

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15
Q

What muscle has a higher optimal peak velocity, red or white?

A

White

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16
Q

Name three physiological characteristics of frog muscles that allow frogs to jump so high

A

1) Operating on plateau of sacromere length tension curve to generate maximum tension.2) Shortening at a velocity which gives maximal power3) Activating entire muscle at same time

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17
Q

What curve shows optimum sacromere length?

A

Length-Tension Curve

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18
Q

What is the period after the action potential but before the muscle contraction

A

the LATENT PERIOD

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19
Q

All of the muscle cells have the same ______ period, so they all contract at the same time

A

latent

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20
Q

How long does a muscle twitch take?`

A

1/10 of a second

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21
Q

The distance a muscle is able to shorten depends on the __________

A

Weight its lifting

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22
Q

What do we call it if the load is so heavy that the muscle stretches?

A

a Lengthening Contraction

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23
Q

Shortening velocity decreases ___________ with load

A

Parabolically

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24
Q

We can get more tension from a muscle fiber by…

A

Stimulating it more rapidly

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25
Q

What is is called when we stimulate the muscle before it has a chance to recover

A

Tetanus

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26
Q

Name the two types of Tetanus and what each means

A

1) Fused tetanus= no recovery time (constant tension)2) Unfused tetanus= some recovery time, tension fluctuates

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27
Q

What is the frequency of a mosquito wingbeat?

A

1000 Hz

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28
Q

What is the type of flight where where the muscle moves with every wingbeat?

A

Synchronous flight

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29
Q

What two muscles are involved in synchronous flight?

A

Elevators and Depressors

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30
Q

What is the frequency of this wingbeat? What is special about this frequency?

A

100-200 Hz, don’t develop fused Tetanus

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31
Q

The elevators and depressors contract __________

A

Alternately

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32
Q

For synchronous flight, one action potential translates into ______ contraction

A

1

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33
Q

What is the rate limiting factor on how fast muscles can recover between contractions?

A

How quickly Ca can be removed from the cytoplasm by pumps in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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34
Q

What kind of flight has more than one wing beat per contraction?

A

Asynchronous flight

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35
Q

Are the muscles attached to the wings in asynchronous flight?

A

NO

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36
Q

In asynchronous flight, a single muscle contraction makes the body ________, so a single muscle contraction leads to _______ wingbeats

A

vibrate,wingbeats

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37
Q

What attaches the asynchronous flight muscle to the body (cuticle)?

A

Myotendon junction

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38
Q

The depressor muscles stretch/contract the body

A

contract

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39
Q

How many contractions are generate per action potential in asynchronous flight?

A

multiple

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40
Q

What is the gleal cell on a nerve called?

A

Schwann Cell

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41
Q

In a neuromuscular junciton, the ___________, containing _____________, fuse at the ___________. The neurotransmitters then flow into the ___________, causing ______ to flow into the cell and a __________.

A

synaptic vesiclesAChActive zonessynaptic cleftNa ionsdepolarize

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42
Q

Synaptic clefts are at the top of the…

A

junctional folds

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43
Q

What is the excitatory transmitter in crestacians?

A

Glutamate

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44
Q

What is the excitatory transmitter in humans?

A

Acetylcholine

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45
Q

Where are tonic fibers located in humans?

A

Extraocular muscle or middle ear

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46
Q

Name 3 differences between crustacean innervation and human innervation:

A

1) Crustaceans have an inhibitory neuron, humans don’t. 2) Crustacean neurons have lots of brances, while humans have lots of individual neurons. 3) Crustaceans have slow and fast twitch neurons attached to the same fiber

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47
Q

What kind of fibers in humans have multiple connections from the same neuron?

A

Tonic fibers

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48
Q

As a result, arthropods have ________ potentials. They do not have _____ potentials

A

GradedAction

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49
Q

Define a motor unit

A

The axon and all the muscle fibers that it innervates

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50
Q

Motor units can be ____________, correlating to the _____________

A

small or large, number of fibers they innervate

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51
Q

What do we call the collection of neurons that innervate one entire muscle

A

Motor Pool

52
Q

How do animals regulate strength of contraction?

A

By changing the NUMBER OF NEURONS that we stimulate, and thus the number of fibers that are stimulated

53
Q

Name two ways in which we can vary muscle contraction

A

1) Fire different number of motor units2) Recruit different types of muscle fibers

54
Q

What order do we recruit fibers in?

A

Slow oxidative, fast oxidative, fast glycolytic

55
Q

What do we call the pairs of muscles that are flexors/extendors

A

antagonists

56
Q

What muscle moves bird wings down in flight?

A

Large Pectoralis

57
Q

What muscle moves bird muscles up in flight?

A

Large Supracoracoideus

58
Q

Entire movements are determined by…

A

Specific combinations and sequences

59
Q

Describe the knee jerk reflex

A

A tap stretches the tendon, which is sensed by the MUSCLE SPINDLE ORGAN (stretch receptor in muscle), which is sensed by the GAMMA MOTORNEURON, and elicits a response from the DORSAL ROOT GANGLION to contract

60
Q

What part of the brain controls skeletal muscle movement? Where is it?

A

Primary Motor Cortex, in front of the Central Sulchus

61
Q

What are two descending pathways from brain to muscle?

A

Corticospinal pathway, Brain stem Pathway

62
Q

What are the crystals in bone called? What do they surround

A

Hydroxyapatite, the collagen matrix

63
Q

Name four cell types in bone and their function

A

Osteoblast- bone forming cellsOsteocyte- an osteoblast surrounded by a calcified matrixOsteoclast- Large multinucleated cell, breaks down bone by secreting acid and protease enzymes, acted on by PTHChondrocytes- produce cartilage

64
Q

What do osteoblasts secrete? What is it?

A

OSTEOID, a mixture of collagen and proteins

65
Q

Describe the growth of bone:

A

1) Chondrocytes produce cartilage2) Osteoblasts secrete osteoid on tope of cartilage3) mineralization/ deposition of hydroxyapatite

66
Q

Why do osteoclasts break down bone?

A

To break down and then build back up weak parts, in response to low blood calcium

67
Q

What on osteoclasts pumps bicarbonate out when blood calcium is low?

A

CHLORIDE BICARBONATE EXCHANGERS

68
Q

Names four hormones that favor bone formation

A

-Insulin- growth hormone- estrogen- testosterone

69
Q

The distance a muscle is able to shorten depends on the __________

A

Weight its lifting

70
Q

What do we call it if the load is so heavy that the muscle stretches?

A

a Lengthening Contraction

71
Q

Shortening velocity decreases ___________ with load

A

Parabolically

72
Q

We can get more tension from a muscle fiber by…

A

Stimulating it more rapidly

73
Q

What is is called when we stimulate the muscle before it has a chance to recover

A

Tetanus

74
Q

Name the two types of Tetanus and what each means

A

1) Fused tetanus= no recovery time (constant tension)2) Unfused tetanus= some recovery time, tension fluctuates

75
Q

What is the frequency of a mosquito wingbeat?

A

1000 Hz

76
Q

What is the type of flight where where the muscle moves with every wingbeat?

A

Synchronous flight

77
Q

What two muscles are involved in synchronous flight?

A

Elevators and Depressors

78
Q

What is the frequency of this wingbeat? What is special about this frequency?

A

100-200 Hz, don’t develop fused Tetanus

79
Q

The elevators and depressors contract __________

A

Alternately

80
Q

For synchronous flight, one action potential translates into ______ contraction

A

1

81
Q

What is the rate limiting factor on how fast muscles can recover between contractions?

A

How quickly Ca can be removed from the cytoplasm by pumps in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

82
Q

What kind of flight has more than one wing beat per contraction?

A

Asynchronous flight

83
Q

Are the muscles attached to the wings in asynchronous flight?

A

NO

84
Q

In asynchronous flight, a single muscle contraction makes the body ________, so a single muscle contraction leads to _______ wingbeats

A

vibrate,wingbeats

85
Q

What attaches the asynchronous flight muscle to the body (cuticle)?

A

Myotendon junction

86
Q

The depressor muscles stretch/contract the body

A

contract

87
Q

How many contractions are generate per action potential in asynchronous flight?

A

multiple

88
Q

What is the gleal cell on a nerve called?

A

Schwann Cell

89
Q

In a neuromuscular junciton, the ___________, containing _____________, fuse at the ___________. The neurotransmitters then flow into the ___________, causing ______ to flow into the cell and a __________.

A

synaptic vesiclesAChActive zonessynaptic cleftNa ionsdepolarize

90
Q

Synaptic clefts are at the top of the…

A

junctional folds

91
Q

What is the excitatory transmitter in crestacians?

A

Glutamate

92
Q

What is the excitatory transmitter in humans?

A

Acetylcholine

93
Q

Where are tonic fibers located in humans?

A

Extraocular muscle or middle ear

94
Q

Name 3 differences between crustacean innervation and human innervation:

A

1) Crustaceans have an inhibitory neuron, humans don’t. 2) Crustacean neurons have lots of brances, while humans have lots of individual neurons. 3) Crustaceans have slow and fast twitch neurons attached to the same fiber

95
Q

What kind of fibers in humans have multiple connections from the same neuron?

A

Tonic fibers

96
Q

As a result, arthropods have ________ potentials. They do not have _____ potentials

A

GradedAction

97
Q

Define a motor unit

A

The axon and all the muscle fibers that it innervates

98
Q

Motor units can be ____________, correlating to the _____________

A

small or large, number of fibers they innervate

99
Q

What do we call the collection of neurons that innervate one entire muscle

A

Motor Pool

100
Q

How do animals regulate strength of contraction?

A

By changing the NUMBER OF NEURONS that we stimulate, and thus the number of fibers that are stimulated

101
Q

Name two ways in which we can vary muscle contraction

A

1) Fire different number of motor units2) Recruit different types of muscle fibers

102
Q

What order do we recruit fibers in?

A

Slow oxidative, fast oxidative, fast glycolytic

103
Q

What do we call the pairs of muscles that are flexors/extendors

A

antagonists

104
Q

What muscle moves bird wings down in flight?

A

Large Pectoralis

105
Q

What muscle moves bird muscles up in flight?

A

Large Supracoracoideus

106
Q

Entire movements are determined by…

A

Specific combinations and sequences

107
Q

Describe the knee jerk reflex

A

A tap stretches the tendon, which is sensed by the MUSCLE SPINDLE ORGAN (stretch receptor in muscle), which is sensed by the GAMMA MOTORNEURON, and elicits a response from the DORSAL ROOT GANGLION to contract

108
Q

What part of the brain controls skeletal muscle movement? Where is it?

A

Primary Motor Cortex, in front of the Central Sulchus

109
Q

What are two descending pathways from brain to muscle?

A

Corticospinal pathway, Brain stem Pathway

110
Q

What are the crystals in bone called? What do they surround

A

Hydroxyapatite, the collagen matrix

111
Q

Name four cell types in bone and their function

A

Osteoblast- bone forming cellsOsteocyte- an osteoblast surrounded by a calcified matrixOsteoclast- Large multinucleated cell, breaks down bone by secreting acid and protease enzymes, acted on by PTHChondrocytes- produce cartilage

112
Q

What do osteoblasts secrete? What is it?

A

OSTEOID, a mixture of collagen and proteins

113
Q

Describe the growth of bone:

A

1) Chondrocytes produce cartilage2) Osteoblasts secrete osteoid on tope of cartilage3) mineralization/ deposition of hydroxyapatite

114
Q

Why do osteoclasts break down bone?

A

To break down and then build back up weak parts, in response to low blood calcium

115
Q

What on osteoclasts pumps bicarbonate out when blood calcium is low?

A

CHLORIDE BICARBONATE EXCHANGERS

116
Q

Hormones that favor bone reabsorbtion

A
  • parathyroid hormone- cortisol- thyroid hormone
117
Q

Gravity and exercise increase/decrease osteoblast activity

A

increase

118
Q

What do we call the synthesis of blood cells of all types in bone?

A

Hematopoiesis

119
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur in adults? What part of the bone?

A

chest, skull, pelvis, base of limbsin the marrow

120
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur in utero?

A

liver, spleen, marrow of most bones

121
Q

What has to be kicked out as red blood cells are formed?

A

The nucleus

122
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Reduced bone mass and density b/c rate of resporption exceeds bone desposition

123
Q

What is low/mild osteoporosis?

A

Osteopenia

124
Q

What is a race disorder that causes thickening of bones in hands/feet?

A

Acromegaly

125
Q

What is bending of the spine called?

A

scoliosis

Biology 14 Exam 2 (1 decks)

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