Muscles and the Skeletal system. Flashcards
Name the bones needed for the GCSE-
Cranium, scapula, rib cage, humerus, sternum, vertebrae, radius, pelvis, ulna, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, talus.
The function of flat bones are to-
Protect vital organs (ribs or pelvis).
The function of long bones are to-
Enable gross movement (big movement).
The function of short bones are to-
Enable finer, controlled movement (fingers).
The function of irregular bones are to-
They are especially shaped to protect body parts (vertebrae, to protect spinal cord).
What does SSMMPP stand for?
S- support S- structural shape M- movement M- mineral storage P- protection P- production of blood cells
These are the functions of the skeletal system.
Different muscles needed for the GCSE-
Biceps, triceps, hamstring, quadriceps, pectorals, gluteals, latissimus dorsi, deltoid , rotator cuffs, abdominals, hip flexors, gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior.
What is the cartilage?
A cushion for bones at the end of the bone, provides a smooth surface.
What is the capsule?
A tough fibrous tissue that supports and strengthens joints.
What is the synovial membrane?
A connective tissue between the capsule and joint cavity and releases synovial fluids to lubricate joints.
What is synovial fluid?
A lubrication for joints produced by the membrane.
What is the bursae?
A sack filled with fluids to reduce friction.
Types of muscle contraction: What is concentric muscle contraction?
When the muscle shortens as it contracts, accelerating an object (jump kick).
What is eccentric muscle contraction?
Muscle lengthens under tension to slow down the object.
What is isometric muscle contraction?
Muscles are still working but remain the same length (handstand).
Movement patterns: What is flexion?
Movement in the anterior - posterior plane that reduces the angle between the articulating elements as in bringing the head toward the chest (bicep curl)
What is extension?
Occurs in the same plane as flexion, except that it increases the angle between articulating elements. Extension reverses the movement of flexion. Hyper extension is a continuation of movement past the anatomical position which can cause injury (following through on a kick)
What is abduction?
Movement away from the centre, spreading the toes or fingers apart (throwing a ball)
What is adduction?
Movement toward the midline of the body, bringing the toes or fingers together (downward motion when doing a star-jump).
What is dorsiflexion?
The movement of the ankle while elevating the sole, as if digging in the heel (running)
What is plantar flexion?
The opposite movement to dorsiflexion, extending the ankle and elevating the heel, as if standing on tiptoes (pushing away from starting point in a sprint).
What is rotation?
Turning the body or a limb around the longitudinal axis, rotating the arm to screw in a lightbulb (twist in gymnastics).
What is circumduction?
A special type of angular motion, described as making circular movements, moving the arm in a loop (butterfly stroke in swimming).
Movement: What is a lever?
A rigid bar that turns about an axis to create movement.
What is the effort?
The force required to move the load.
What is the fulcrum?
The fixed point at which a lever turns or is supported. Can also be referred to as the axis.
What is the load?
The weight to be moved by the lever system.
1st class lever-
Effort, fulcrum, load. Elbow extension only (can move large load with little effort).
2nd class lever-
Effort, load, fulcrum. Ankle extension only. most effective lever as a relatively small force can move a large weight (less effort to move heavy loads).
3rd class lever-
Fulcrum, effort, load. Everything except elbow and ankle extension. The effort is placed between the fulcrum and the load (load moves further away giving a wide range of movement and can gain speed.
Mechanical advantage-
effort arm / resistance arm.
A lever can overcome a large load with a lot of effort or with little effort?
Little effort.
