Muscles and Respiration Flashcards
Why does the body need energy
Muscles need energy to contract, and move bones.
Muscles need energy to keep the body temperature at a constant and suitable level.
To grow.
What is the source of the energy
Food
What is the respiration
- Respiration is a chemical reaction that releases energy from food.
- Some of the food digested in the intestine is converted into Glucose
- Respiration takes place in the cells to release energy from Glucose.
- The Glucose travels in the bloodstream to all the cells of the body.
Write the respiration equation
glucose + oxygen ==> carbon dioxide + water (+energy)
What is aerobic respiration
- It is a type of respiration where oxygen is used.
- Oxygen (from breathing) is carried from the lungs to all cells of the body in the blood.
- The waste products of respiration are carbon dioxide and water. These are taken away from the cells by the blood and reathed out from lungs.
What is required to grow bigger and to repair tissues
- Protien is required to grow bigger and to repair tissues.
Explain protein synthesis
Protein is made of lots of smaller molecules, amino acids and complex molecules.
When you eat protein it is broken down into amino acids during digestion.
Energy released during respiration is used for protein synthesis
Explain how cellulose is made
Plant’s cell has a strong cell wall made up of cellulose. Plant make cellulose by **joining Glucose molecule together. **
The energy to do this comes from respiration.
What is Respiration?
- Respiration is a process that releases energy.
- Every living cell in every living organism needs energy, therefore both plants and animals carry out respiration
- The ways that plants and animals get the glucose needed for respiration vary
Respiration in plants
- Plants need energy to grow, to repair tissues, to reproduce and to absorb nutrients.
- Respiration uses glucose and oxygen as the reactants
- This is the same in both animals and plants
- Animals use glucose from the food they eat in respiration, but plants make glucose by a process called photosynthesis
Evidence of Respiration in Animals
- When you breathe out onto a cold surface, such as a mirror or window you see misting or droplets of water.This suggests that you produce water
- Water is one of the products of respiration
Evidence of Respiration in Plants
- The below figure shows an experiment on germinating peas proving carbon dioxide is given off by living things.
- Soda lime absorbs carbon dioxide from the air around the seeds.
- The seeds produce carbon dioxide and this turns the limewater in Flask D cloudy
- Carbon dioxide is also a product of respiration
Respiration and Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis and respiration are both vital for plants.
Equations
Photosythesis
(light energy)
carbon dioxide + water ====> glucose + oxygen
Respiration
glucose + oxygen ==> carbon dioxide + water + (energy)
Plants photosynthesise using light energy. This is a way of trapping energy. Respiration releases energy so that the plant can use it
Analysing Adaptions for Respiration
- Cells contain several structures, each with a specific function - these are called organelles.
- An example for an organelle is the mitochondrion.
- Mitochondria are described as the site of respiration ( the process by which the energy is released)
Respiration Powerhouses
Adaptations of Mitochondria
- Mitochondria are tiny sausage - shaped organelles found in most animal and plant cells
- Each mitochondrion has two membranes. The **outer **membrane surrounds the entire organelle. The innermembrane is highly folded.
- The tips of the folds are called cristae. Respiration takes place on the cristae.
- Folding increases the number of cristae, maximising the amount of respiration that can take place (this is and adaptation that mitochondria have made)
- The fluid inside the mitochondrion is called the matrix. It contains enzymes that are essential for respiration
Mitochondrial Diseases
- If mitochondria do not function properly then cells don’t get the energy that they need This causes mitochondrial disease.
- When mitochondrial disease happens there is little to no respiration taking place in the mitochondria.
- The organs most affected are those needing more energy such as the heart, liver and brain.
- Mitochondrial diseases is caused by a fault in inherited material.
Respiration and Body Systems
The 3 systems of the body are the digestive system, the breathing or respiratory system and the circulatory system
Functions of The Three Systems
The function of all three body systems are linked with respiration.
* Glucose needed for respiration is produced by the digestion of Carbohydrates in the digestive system
* Oxygen needed for respiration is brought by the breathing system also carbon dioxide and water produced by the respiration are removed by the breathing system
* All reactants and products are carried to and from cells via the circulatory system
Failure in One of the Systems
- If the digestive system doesn’t function properly then the digestion of carbohydrates is innefficient, there may not be enough glucose for respiration. Resulting in insufficient energy released in the body
- If the circulatory system is damaged this decreases the amounts of glucose and oxygen delivered to the cells resulting in insufficient energy being released into the body
Respiration in Plants
- Respiration in plants** happens in their leaves**
- The glucose is then dissolved and transported around the plant in a system of tubes called** phloem**
- Oxygen enters a plant** through pores on the underside of the leaves** called stomata
Respiration in Sport
- During steady exercise the body gains enough oxygen to carry out aerobic respiration
- When the body exercises in short, energetic bursts the energy needed outweighs the oxygen that you can take in and the body has to respire without oxygen. This type of respiration without oxygen is known as anaerobic respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
glucose ===> lactic acid +(energy)
* Although anaerobic respiration release some energy it doesn’t release as mch as aerobic respiration
* The lactic acid produced during anaerobic respiration builds up in muscles c**ausing muscle aches after exercise (stitches). **
* The body can get rid of the lactic acid using the oxygen that you breathe in afterwards. Here oxygen is a payback to get rid of lactic acid. This is known as oxygen debt
Energy Stores
Animal bodies develop ways of storing glucose this can be released slowly when they need it.
Animals store energy in:
* As glycogen in muscles
* As glycogen in liver
* In fat reserves
Once all energy stores, such as glycogen and fat, have been used up protein in the body can be used as a last resort
Anaerobic Respiration in Plants
Just like animals plants respire anaerobiclly when oxygen is in short supply. However, the products are different
* In animals, lactic acid is produced
* In plants, etahnol and carbon dioxide are produced.
The type of anaerobic respiration that produces ethanol and carbon dioxide is called fermentation
Fermentation in Microbes
Microbes are tiny organisms that we can’t see with the naked eye
Example: Bacteria, Viruses and Fungi
Microbes often respire by fermentation
* Some microbes are capable of both aerobic respiration and fermentation
* They use fermentation only when the oxygen levels fall (e.g.: Escherichia coli.)
* Some microbes adapted to survive only in anaerobic conditions
* Other microbes respire only by fermentation even when oxygen is present (e.g.: yeast
Exploring Anarobic Respiration
- An experiment shows that a gas is given off by fermentation
- Mix some dried yeast with warm water in a conical flask and activate
- Give the yeast some sugar as a source of glucose.
- If the conical falsk in then covered with a balloon, any gas given off will be collected inside the balloon
Application of Fermentation
Fermentation by yeast has many applications
* Fermentation is used in brewing and the production of alcoholic drinks, as ethanol because ethanol is one of the products of fermentation
* Fermentation is also important in baking. Yeast and sugar are included in bread recipes because the carbon dioxide produced during fermentation causes bread to rise
* Production of** gasohol (a fuel containing a mixture of gasoline and alcohol)**. Mixing alcohol with fossil fuels makes the non - renewable fossil fuel last longer.
Investigating Fermentation
Effect of temperature in fermentation
* Mix dried yeast with warm water to activate it in a conical flask
* Add some sugar so that the yeast can respire
* As the mixture is fermented, carbon dioxide is produced.
* The gas forms bubbles in the conical flask. They were counted for one minute.
* The experiment was repeated with identical flasks at different temperatures
Effect of Temperature on Fermentation
- The rate of fermentation will be less at lower temperatures.
- It increases to its highest at 40 degrees Celsius.
- As the temperature goes beyond 40 degrees, fermentation decreases
Comparing Aerobic and Anaerbic Respiration
- Aerobic and anaerobic respiration both release energy in cells
- The amount of energy released is different from one situation to another
Comparing Energy
Aerobic - It uses glucose and oxygen as reactants
Anaerobic - There is only one reactant which is glucose
Aerobic - It is 19 times more efficient in generating the energy.
Anaerobic - Though it doesn’t generate more energy it generates energy more quickly than aerobic respiration
Aerobic - Though the initial stage happens in the cytoplasm it is only during the mitohondrial stage that more energy is released so we usually say that it takes place in the mitochondria
Anaerobic - Takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell
Respiration in Enzymes
- Enzymes are protein molecules thst spped up reactions. They are referred to as Biological Catalysts
- Enzymes break up glucose molecules to release energy
- Enzymes are involved in both respirations
- There are more enzymes involved in aerobic respiration then anaerobic
