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Biology 35IB > Muscles and Movement > Flashcards

Muscles and Movement Flashcards

Bio 35

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1
Q

where is the ligament found in the elbow?

A

joint capsule

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2
Q

what are the four roles for skeletal muscles?

A

helps you move, supports the skeleton, protects organs, maintains body temp

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3
Q

name two fibrous connective tissues and their roles.

A

ligaments: connects bone to bone
tendons: connects bone to muscle

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4
Q

What signals muscle contractions?

A

the nerve via acetylcholine

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5
Q

what are the bones a site for?

A

muscle attachment

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6
Q

what do the bones act as?

A

levers

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7
Q

what is the role of the joint capsule (2)

A

seals the joint space and provides passive stability by limiting the range of movement

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8
Q

what is the role of the synovial fluid (2)

A

it contains oxygen, food and nutrients. it also provides lubrication to the cartilage

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9
Q

what does the radius act as? for what muscle?

A

acts as forearm levers for the biceps

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10
Q

what does the ulna act as? for what muscle?

A

acts as forearm levers for the triceps

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11
Q

what is bigger in a human body, the ulna or the radius?

A

the radius

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12
Q

what is the role of the cartilage? (3)

A

the cartilage absorbs shock and distributes the load. also allows for easy movement since it is a smooth surface.

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13
Q

what type of surface does the cartilage have?

A

a smooth surface

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14
Q

what muscle is the flexor? what muscle is the extensor?

A

flexor - biceps
Extensor-triceps

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15
Q

what is the role of the humerus?

A

the humerus anchors muscle

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16
Q

what bone acts as the muscle origin? what muscle attaches to this bone? what does muscle origin mean?

A

the humerus acts as a muscle origin. it is the site where triceps are attached and do not move during contraction

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17
Q

what bone acts as the muscle insertion? what does that mean?

A

the radius and the ulna act as muscle insertions. this is the attachment site that moves during contraction.

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18
Q

what are antagonistic muscle pairs? name an example

A

antagonistic muscle pairs perform the opposite function. ex. the flexor biceps muscle vs the extensor triceps muscles

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19
Q

why do muscles only pull and not push?

A

because of the way the sarcomeres work. the myosin will attempt to grasp the actin in a way that contracts the muscle.

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20
Q

describe the shape of the skeletal muscle? (2)

A

striated and tubular

21
Q

how many nuclei does a skeletal muscle cell have?

A

many, more than one

22
Q

what are skeletal muscles attached to?

A

to bone except in eye muscles

23
Q

is the skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary control?

A

voluntary

24
Q

how do muscles move bones?

A

by contracting and relaxing. they can not push them back into position so they have to use the extensor/flexor pair

25
Q

what are skeletal muscle cells called?

A

muscle fibre

26
Q

what is the hierarchy of muscle structure?

A

muscle—> muscle fibre bundle—-> muscle fibre—>myofibrils—->myofilaments

27
Q

what is the sarcolemma

A

the muscle fibre membrane

28
Q

what are two types of myofilaments? describe them

A

actin- thin
myosin- thick

29
Q

in a muscle, what contains large numbers of mitochondria?

A

the muscle fibre

30
Q

what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum? what does it contain?

A

it is like the endoplasmic reticulum but specialized for the muscle. it contains calcium ions

31
Q

what are fibres a bundle of?

A

myofibrils

32
Q

what are the segments myofibrils are separated in called?

A

segments called sarcomeres

33
Q

what is the z disc? what does it consist of? is it a dark or light area?

A

the z disc is the border of the Sarcomere and it consists of actin only. it is a light area

34
Q

what is the I Band? what does it consist of? is it a dark or light area?

A

a section of the sarcomere that only consists of actin. this is a light section.

35
Q

what is the A Band? what does it consist of? is it a dark or light area?

A

a section of the sarcomere that consists of both myosin and actin. This is the darkest area.

36
Q

what is the h-zone? what does it consist of? is it a dark or light area?

A

in the middle of the sarcomere and it consists of only myosin. this is a dark area

37
Q

what gets smaller on an electron micrograph when a muscle contracts?

A

the H-zone and the sarcomere width

38
Q

what is the m-line? what binds to this line?

A

a line in the middle of the sarcomere that makes up the H-zone. the myosin binds here

39
Q

what does an action potential from a motor neuron signal?

A

calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

40
Q

what does calcium ion bind to when released

A

troponin

41
Q

what is myoglobin?

A

carriers oxygen in the muscle

42
Q

what is the protein covering the binding sites for myosin?

A

tropomyosin

43
Q

what forms cross bridges with actin binding sites?

A

myosin

44
Q

what is needed to break the cross bridge?

A

ATP

45
Q

what is needed to change the myosin head’s shape to make it suitable for binding with the actin?

A

ATP

46
Q

what two things pull together to shorten the sarcomere?

A

actin and myosin

47
Q

how is calcium returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

active transport

48
Q

when is calcium returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

when contraction ends

Biology 35IB (1 decks)

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