Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BMEG 350 > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical Position

A

Body - Erect + facing ahead
Limbs - straight
Feet - pointed forward
Arms - by the sides
Palms - facing forward w/ fingers extended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Anterior (ventral) / Posterior (dorsal)

A

Front side / Back side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Proximal / Distal

A

nearer / farther from center of body or point of observation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Superior (cranial) / Inferior (caudal)

A

Top side (toward the head) / Bottom side (toward the bottom of the body)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Central / Peripheral

A

at the center of body or body part / away from center of body or body part

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Superficial / Deep

A

shallow / deep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sagittal plane

A

vertical section lying in an anterorposterior plane (separates left and right body parts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Coronal plane

A

vertical plane at a right angle to the sagittal (separates front and back body parts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Transverse

A

Horitzontal section at right angles to both coronal and sagittal planes (separates top and bottom body parts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Oblique

A

any plane that is not sagittal, coronal, or transverse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ante-

A

In front of

ex. Antebrachial
(in front of + Arm + Pertaining to)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Endo-

A

Inside, within

Ex. Endometrium
(Inside + Womb)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Epi-

A

Above , on over

Ex. Epidermis
(Above + Skin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Exo-

A

Out, outside

Ex. Exocrine gland
(outside + sift) gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Extra-

A

Beyond , outside

Ex. Extracellular
(Outside + Cell + Pertaining to)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hypo-

A

Under

Ex. Hypothalamus
(Under + Thalamus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Infra-

A

Beneath, Below

Ex. Infraspinatus muscle
(Below + Spine) muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Inter-

A

Between

Ex. Interneuron
(Between + Neuron)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Intra-

A

Inside, within

Ex. Intravenous
(Inside + Vein + Pertaining to)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Juxta-

A

Beside

Ex. Juxtaglomercular cell
(Beside + ball of thread / kidneys) cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Para-

A

Beside, beyond

Ex. Parathyroid gland
(Beside + Thyroid) gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Peri-

A

Around

Ex. Pericardium
(Around + Heart + Pertaining to)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Retro-

A

Behind

Ex. Retroperitoneal
(Behind + Stretched around)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Sub-

A

Beneath, under

Ex. Subscapularis muscle
(Under + Spine) muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Supra-

A

Above, upon

Ex. Eupraorbital
(Above + Eye + Pertaining to)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Trans-

A

Across, through

Ex. Transverse plane
(Across + Turn plane)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Prefix meaning half

A

Hemi- , Semi -

Ex. Hemi-diaphragm
(Half + diagphragm)

Ex. Semitendinosus muscle
(half + tendon) muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Prefix meaning one

A

Mono- (also means single), uni-

Ex. Monocyte, Unicellular
(one + cell), (one + cell + pertaining to)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Prefix meaning two / double

A

Bi- , Di-

Ex. Bilateral
(two + side)

Ex. Diagstric muscle
(Two + belly + pertaining to)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Prefix meaning three, four

A

Tri, Quad

Ex. Triceps, Quadriceps
(Three + Head), (Four + Head)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Alb-

A

White

Ex. Linea alba
(white + line)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Prefix Meaning yellow

A

Cirrh(o)-, Leut-, Xanth(o)-

Ex. Cirrhosis
(Yellow + condition)

Ex. Corpus Luteum
(body + yellow)

Ex. Xanthoma
(Yellow + tumour)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Cyan(o)-

A

Blue

Ex. Cyanosis
(Blue + condition)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Erythr(o)-

A

Red

Ex. Erythrocyte
(red + cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Glauc(o)-

A

Silver

Ex. Glaucoma
(silver + tumour)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Root meaning skin

A

Cutane(o)-, Derm-

Ex. Subcutaneous, Subdermal
(below / beneath + skin + pertaining to)

37
Q

Melan(o)-

A

Black

Ex. Melanocyte

38
Q

Abdomin(o)-

A

Abdomen

Ex. Abdominal
(abdomen + pertaining to)

39
Q

Arhtr(o)

A

Joint

Ex. Arthritis
(joint + inflammation)

40
Q

Brachi-

A

Arm

Ex. Biceps brachii
(two + head)

41
Q

Crani(o)-

42
Q

Cardi(o)-

43
Q

Cyt(o)-

44
Q

Gastr(o)-

A

Stomach, Belly

Ex. Epigastric
(above + stomach)

45
Q

Hepat(o)-

46
Q

Myo-

47
Q

Nephr(o)-

A

kidney

Ex. Nephrogenic
(kidney + orginating from)

48
Q

Neur(o)-

49
Q

Ocul(o)-

50
Q

Oste(o)-

51
Q

Pulm(o)-

52
Q

Suffix that mean “pertaining to”

A

-ac, -al, -ary, -eal, -ic, -ical, -ory, -ous

53
Q

Suffix that mean small

A

-iole, -ule

54
Q

-genic

A

origniating, produced in / from

55
Q

-itis

A

inflammation

56
Q

-megaly

A

enlargement

57
Q

-oma

58
Q

-osis

59
Q

-penia

A

decrease in

60
Q

Function of Skeletal muscles (3)

A
  1. Body movement
  2. Posture maintenance
  3. Respiration (diaphragm + intercostal contractions)
61
Q

Organization of skeletal muscle (smallest to biggest organization)

A

myofibril - muscle fiber - fascicle - muscle

62
Q

Epimysium

A

Dense collagenous connective tissue surrounding entire muscle

63
Q

Perimysium

A

Collagenous connective tissue surrounding muscle fibers

Function: divides muscle fibres into bundles / fascicles

64
Q

Endomysium

A

Fine sheath of connective tissue compose of reticular fibers surrounding individual muscle fibers

65
Q

myotendinous junction

A

finger-like extensions of the muscle fibers that insert into the connective tissue of the tendon

66
Q

Function of Basal Lamina

A
  1. “point of attachment”: binds myofiber via the dystroglycan-containing complex
  2. provides support of the overlying epithelium
  3. selective premeatble membrane (filter) for water and small molecules
67
Q

Dystroglycan-containing complex:
Major players and overall function

A

Function: links muscle cell cytoskeleton to extracellular matrix

Major players
1. Dystrophin
2. dystroglycan

68
Q

Role of dystroglycan

A

shock absorber protecting the muscle fiber from mechanical damage

69
Q

Role of dystrophin

A

Functions:
- strengthen muscle fibers and protect them from injury as muscles contract and relax.
- structural stability to cell’s plasma membrane

primarily responsible for linking the basal lamina to f-actin (actin cytoskeleton)

70
Q

Sarcolemma vs sarcoplasm

A

Sarcolemma:
Myofiber Plasma Membrane
“outside cell”

Sarcoplasm:
Myofiber (muscle cell) cytoplasm
“inside cell”

71
Q

Properties of myofibers

A
  1. long, cylindrical, striated
  2. alligned in parallel
  3. multinucleated w/ nuclei at periphery
  4. separated by mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum (located in the sarcoplasm)
  5. Composed of myofilaments (like actin)
72
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum: properties and function

A

Properties:
- forms interconnected network of tubules
- runs longitudinally to myofibril
- surrounds individual myofibrils
-forms terminal cisternae on the sides of T-tubules

Functions:
- stores Ca 2+ (muscles at rest)
- releases Ca 2+ into sarcoplasm (stimulated muscles)

73
Q

T-tubules: properties

A
  1. deep invaginations of sarcolemma
  2. perpendicular to the length of myofiber
74
Q

Triad junction and significance

A

Triad junction = 1 T-tubule and 2 terminal cisternae

Contains 2 channels that physically touch
1. ryanodine receptor
- found on cisterna
- “Ca2+ release channel”

  1. Dihydropyridine receptor
    - found on t-tubule
    - “voltage-gated Ca2+ channel”
75
Q

Flow of Ca2+ from terminal cisternae to sarcoplasm

A
  1. Ca2+ congregates at the terminal cisterna of SR (stored by proteins called Calsequestrin)
  2. Dihydropyridine receptor (key) is activated by voltage change

2a. action potential propagates down T tubule + local depolarization activates dihydropyridine receptors

  1. activated dihydropyridine receptor triggers the activation of ryanodine receptor (door)
  2. Rush of Ca2+ from SR to lumen (extracellular space) of t-tubule
  3. Ca2+ makes it way to the sarcoplasm
76
Q

Filaments that make up Sarcomere

A

Sarcomere: smallest unit of a contractile muscle

  1. actin filament
    - contains intertwined actin molecules, troponin, tropomyosin
  2. myosin filament
    - contains many intertwined myosin molecules
    - myosin molecules have heads with an active binding site and an ATPase site

Note: actin and myosin filaments overlap slightly
- when contracted, the overlap increases and the sarcomere shortens (actin and myosin lengths are unchanged)

77
Q

Role of troponin (3)

A
  1. Troponin T
    (T for tropomyosin)
    - binds troponin to tropomyosin
  2. Troponin C
    (C for Ca 2+)
    - contains binding sites for Ca2+

at high [Ca2+], Ca2+ binds to Troponin C which causes troponin and tropomyosin to move and reveal the actin active sites

  1. Troponin I
    (I for inhibit)
    - inhibits binding of myosin and actin
78
Q

role of tropomyosin

A

Regulates muscle contraction:

  • prevents premature binding of myosin head to actin filament at low [Ca2+] by covering the binding sites on actin
79
Q

Motor unit

A

motor neuron and all muscle fibers it innervates

80
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

junction between axon terminal of motor neuron and motor end plate

81
Q

motor end plate: properties and function

A
  • specialized domain of sarcolemma
  • highly excitable

Function:
initiate action potential for muscle contraction

82
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

Location: at axonal terminals

Delivers neurotransmitters (acetylcholine) to the synaptic cleft where it binds to cholinergic receptors on the motor end plate

83
Q

Excitation-contraction coupling

A
  1. Initiate action potential

a. Action potential reaches an axon terminal
b. synaptic vesicles transport acetylcholine into synaptic cleft (neuromuscular junction)
c. acetylcholine binds to cholingergenic receptors on the motor end plate

  1. Propagate action potential

a. action potentials travels across surface membranes and down T tubules of sarco cells

  1. Release of Ca2+

a. action potential active dihydropyridine receptors on T-tubules
b. this activation causes ryanodine receptors to be activated as well
c. results in SR to release Ca2+ into the cytosol of the muscle cells

  1. Muscle contraction

a. troponin and tropomyosin physically move to uncover the actin binding sites
b. ATP powers the pulling of actin filaments towards centre of sarcomere

  1. Return of Ca2+

a. SR actively takes up Ca2+ using transmembrane pumps in the absence of action potential

  1. Muscle relaxation

a. troponin and tropomyosin reattach to actin binding spots

84
Q

Cross-bridge cycle

A
  1. Energize

a. ATPase splits ATP into ADP and Pi
b. ADP and Pi on myosin head store energy

  1. Bind

a. release of Ca2+ causes troponin and tropomyson to detach from actin binding spots

  1. Bend

a. power stroke is triggered
b. Pi is released during the stroke, ADP released after the stroke

  1. Detach

a. fresh molecule binds to myosin cross bridge so myosin assumes original position
b. hydrolysis of ATP begins

85
Q

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophies (DMD)

A

Dystrophin gene mutation resulting in an early stop codon

Affects 1 in 3500 children

86
Q

Becker Muscular Dystrophies (BMD)

A

Dystrophin gene mutation that does not result in an early stop codon

Affects 1 in 18000 children

87
Q

Therapeutic Strategies for DMD

A
  1. Cell therapy
    - myoblast / stem cell transplantation
    - requires multiple injection sites –> inflammation
  2. Pharmacological approach
  3. Gene therapy
    a. delivery of DNA encoding dystrophin
    b. exon skipping
88
Q

Gene therapy: Microdystrophin

A

Concept:
Compensate lack of dystrophin by bumping up expression of utrophin
(Why utrophin? similar structure –> similar function)

Microdystrophin:
- dystrophin that contains only the essential domains
1. N-terminal
2. Cysteine rich domain (Cysteine is used to bind to dystroglyan)
3. 3 hinge domains (allows for segmental flexibility)
4. Rod domain (R1, R2, R24)

Result:
- successful expression of dystrophin

89
Q

Gene Therapy: Exon Skipping Approach

A

Concept:
Avoid the early stop codon by skipping over it
- may need to skip over multiple exons in order to make a functioning protein

BMEG 350 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions