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muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to a muscle when it is used? (4)

A

gets larger, stronger, more resistant to fatigue and more efficient

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2
Q

What happens to a muscle when it is not used? (2)

A

muscle weakness and atrophy (wasting)

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3
Q

Give 4 common examples of aerobic or endurance exercises.

A

walking, jogging, biking and swimming

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4
Q

Give 3 changes that happen to a muscle when a person does aerobic or endurance exercises.

A

more capillaries, more mitochondria, and more myoglobin

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5
Q

What type of exercise results in muscle hypertrophy?

A

high intensity, resistance exercise

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6
Q

Give 2 common examples of resistance exercise.

A

weight lifting - low rep and heavy or isometric exercises

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7
Q

What happens within a muscle to make muscles hypertrophy?

A

increased size of individual fibers - more myofibrils, more mitochondria, more glycogenalso increased CT between fibers (possibly some splitting or tearing and regrowth using satellite cells - controversial)

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8
Q

What is a common term for someone who doesen’t work antagonistic muscle pairs evenly and they become awkward and inflexible?

A

muscle-bound

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9
Q

Why should a hard workout be followed by a day of rest?

A

to prevent overuse injuries

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10
Q

a degeneration and loss of mass in muscles from inactivity

A

disuse atrophy

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11
Q

How much muscle strength can be lost each day with disuse atrophy?

A

5% per day

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12
Q

What is lost or damaged muscle tissue replaced with?

A

fibrous CT - scar tissue

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13
Q

What are the 4 factors that determine the force of a muscle contraction?

A
  1. number of fibers
  2. size of the fibers
  3. frequency of stimulation
  4. degree of muscle stretch
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14
Q

What is the term for an enlargement of a muscle?

A

hypertrophy

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15
Q

What is the term for the force generated by the cross bridges in a muscle?

A

internal tension

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16
Q

What is the term for the force generated on the load or resistance by the entire muscle at the insertion?

A

external tension

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17
Q

What is the term for an increase in the force of contraction due to an increased frequency of stimulation?

A

summation of twitches or wave summation

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18
Q

the degree of overlap between thick and thin myofilaments can permit more or less sliding and therefore more or less force

A

length-tension relationship

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19
Q

What are two ways muscle fibers are classified?

A
  1. speed of contraction

2. how they make ATP

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20
Q

What are the two main types of fibers based upon speed of contraction, and what makes them different speeds?

A

fast twitch - ATPase works fast and Ca2+ is pumped quickly

slow twitch - ATPase works more slowly and Ca2+ isn’t pumped as quickly

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21
Q

What do we call the fibers that rely more on oxygen and aerobic respiration?

A

oxidative fibers

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22
Q

What do we call the fibers that rely more on anaerobic respiration?

A

glycolytic fibers

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23
Q

What are the three types of fibers based upon both speed and ATP generation?

A

slow oxidative
fast oxidative
fast glycolytic

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24
Q

Which muscle fiber is resistant to fatigue and has a high endurance but not a lot of power?

A

slow oxidative

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25
Q

Which muscle fiber tires quickly but has power?

A

fast glycolytic

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26
Q

Which muscle fiber is the most rare and has some traits of the other two?

A

fast oxidative (intermediate)

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27
Q

What determines which fibers predominate in a muscle?

A

Most muscles are mixtures that are genetically determined but can be altered by conditioning.

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28
Q

Who needs more fast glycolytic fibers, a marathon runner or sprinter?

A

sprinter

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29
Q

Who needs more slow oxidative fibers, a marathon runner or a sprinter?

A

marathoner

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30
Q

What is another name for the resistance to contraction?

A

load

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31
Q

How does load affect contraction speed?

A

more load makes contraction slower.

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32
Q

the inability to contract even when the muscle receives stimuli

A

fatigue

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33
Q

states of continuous contractions because the crossbridges don’t detatch when there is no ATO

A

contractures

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34
Q

What is a common example of a contracture that most people have experienced?

A

writer’s cramp

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35
Q

How long can a typical muscle work on its ATP reserves?

A

4-6 seconds

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36
Q

What is ATP?

A

adenosine triphosphate, usable energy in a cell made by respiration, the only energy used directly for cell activities

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37
Q

After the stored ATP is used, what are three ways it can be regenerated?

A
  1. creatine phosphate rephosphorylating ADP
  2. glygolysis (anaerobic respiration)
  3. aerobic respiration
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38
Q

a high energy molecule that stores phosphate to quickly phosphorylate ADP to ATP

A

CP - creatine phosphate

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39
Q

How much CP can be stored in a muscle? How long will the CP stored in a muscle last?

A

Muscle cells can store 2-3 times as much CP as ATP. It will last an additional 10 seconds for a total of 14-16 seconds with the ATP stored.

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40
Q

what is the term for the initial breakdown of glucose? What is glucose broken into? How much energy is produced?

A

glycolysis - 2 pyruvic acids makes 2 ATP

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41
Q

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

aerobic uses oxygen and is more efficient (makes more energy or ATP) Aerobic is slower than anaerobic

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42
Q

What about muscle activity slows oxygen delivery?

A

Bulging muscles compress blood vessels.

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43
Q

What is the byproduct of anaerobic respiration, and what does it do to muscles?

A

lactic acid makes muscles tired and sore - some muscles are more tolerant of lactic acid buildup

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44
Q

What is the advantage of anaerobic respiration?

A

It is faster so when large amounts of energy are needed in a short time, it works best.

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45
Q

Where in the muscle does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

cytoplasm

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46
Q

Where in the muscle does aerobic respiration occur?

A

mitochondrion

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47
Q

What are the chemical products of aerobic respiration? How much energy is made?

A

carbon dioxide and water and 32 ATP per glucose

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48
Q

When exercise demands exceed the ability of muscle a muscle to do reactions to keep it supplied with energy and the muscle converts to anaerobic glycolysis, what has been reached?

A

anaerobic threshold

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49
Q

What three things must occur for a muscle to recover?

A
  1. breathe hard to recycle lactic acid and pay back the oxygen debt
  2. sweat to release excess heat
  3. pump ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium back to their resting locations
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50
Q

How is the CT component of smooth muscle different from that of skeletal muscle?

A

Smooth has much less CT, just a little endomysium

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51
Q

What are the two layers of smooth muscle? What does each do?

A

longitudinal - shortens and dilates the organand circular lengthens and constricts the organ
Together they mix and push materials through the lumen.

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52
Q

What is the name for the propulsive movement of smooth muscle?

A

peristalsis

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53
Q

What is the result of unwanted smooth muscle contraction in the stomach? the airways?

A

cramping - asthma

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54
Q

What portion of the nervous system innervates smooth muscle?

A

autonomic

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55
Q

How are the connections between autonomic fibers and smooth muscle different from the neuromuscular junctions of motor neurons and skeletal muscles? Give 5 differences.

A

called diffuse junctions

  1. numerous varicosities -large bulbous swellings
  2. wide cleft
  3. less developed SR
  4. no t-tubules - caveolae instead
  5. calcium comes from caveolae not SR
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56
Q

Give 6 ways smooth muscle is different from skeletal muscle.

A
  1. no striations
  2. no sarcomeres
  3. fewer thick myofilaments but they have myosin heads along their entire length so it can still be as powerful
  4. no troponin complex - calmodulin instead
  5. thick and thin myofilaments are arranged diagonally - spiral
  6. have non-contractile intermediate filaments with dense bodies attached to sarcolemma
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57
Q

How is the contraction of smooth muscle different from that of skeletal muscle? Give 7 ways

A
  1. slower - 30 times longer
  2. synchronized by gap junctions
  3. some cells act as pacemakers and set the rythm
  4. self-excitatory but can be modified by nerves and hormones
  5. can last much longer with much less energy used
  6. uses different neurotransmitters with different outcomes
  7. can contract without neural stimulation at all
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58
Q

How is the contraction of smooth muscle similar to the contraction of skeletal muscle? Give 3 ways.

A
  1. sliding filaments of actin and myosin
  2. calcium is the trigger
  3. ATP provides the energy
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59
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

The ER of a muscle cell or fiber

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60
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Cylindrical, multinucleate, striated, voluntary muscle found attached to bones

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61
Q

Sliding filament theory

A

The explanation of how muscle contracts, think myofilaments pull and slide along thin myofilaments

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62
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Fusiform (tapered at both ends), uninucleate, non-striated, involuntary muscle found in hollow internal structures that move other than the heart

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63
Q

Striated

A

Banded or striped in appearance due to alteration of thick and thin filaments

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64
Q

the study of muscles

A

myology

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65
Q

the four characteristics of muscle

A

contractility, excitability, elasticity, extensibility

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66
Q

the ability of a muscle to shorten

A

contractility

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67
Q

the ability of a muscle to respond to a nerve

A

excitability

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68
Q

the ability of a muscle to stretch

A

extensibility

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69
Q

the recoil ability of muscle to snap back to its original position

A

elasticity

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70
Q

the muscles that work in opposition to one another - give examples

A

antagonists - biceps and triceps and quadriceps and hamstrings

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71
Q

the striped or banded appearance of some muscle tissue

A

striations

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72
Q

What causes muscle to appear striated

A

alternating thick and thin myofilaments

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73
Q

the protein that builds thick myofilaments

A

myosin

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74
Q

What is the shape of a myosin molecule

A

golf club

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75
Q

the protein that builds the majority of the thin myofilaments

A

actin

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76
Q

What is the shape of the actin molecule?

A

G actin - globular (spherical)

F actin - filaments (threads) of G actin

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77
Q

What are the two regulatory proteins on the thin myofilaments?

A

troponin and tropomyosin

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78
Q

Which regulatory protein is the site of calcium binding?

A

troponin

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79
Q

What happens when calcium lands on the troponin?

A

The troponin bends and moves the tropomyosin

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80
Q

the contractile unit of skeletal muscle, goes from z-line to z-line

A

sarcomere

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81
Q

the line of protein fibers that holds thick myofilaments together

A

M-line

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82
Q

the protein filaments that hold the thin myofilaments together

A

Z-line

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83
Q

the length of the thick myofilaments, darker

A

A band

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84
Q

the region between the thick myofilaments

A

I band

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85
Q

the elastic protein that holds the thick myofilaments to the Z-line

86
Q

the lighter region of the A band on either side of the M-line

87
Q

the three different types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal cardiac and smooth

88
Q

the muscle tissue with long cylindrical, striated, multinucleate fibers - attached to bone and voluntary

A

skeletal muscle

89
Q

the muscle tissue with branched, striated, uninucleate cells - involuntary with intercalated discs and gap junctions

A

cardiac muscle

90
Q

the torpedo shaped, involuntary, uninucleate muscle cells with gap junctions

A

smooth muscle

91
Q

large movements

92
Q

small, precise movements

93
Q

Give 5 functions of muscle.

A
  1. produce movement
  2. posture
  3. guarding entrances and exits
  4. produce body heat
  5. support soft tissue
94
Q

What percent of the body heat is produced by skeletal muscles?

95
Q

a sheet of fibrous CT directly beneath the skin

A

superficial fascia

96
Q

a layer of CT around muscles and organs

A

deep fascia

97
Q

the outer layer of CT around the entire skeletal muscle

98
Q

the innerlayer of CT around individual muscle fibers

A

endomysium

99
Q

a bundle of muscle fibers

100
Q

the CT layer around the fascicles

A

perimysium

101
Q

an immature muscle cell that fuses

102
Q

a myoblast that doesn’t fuse - what is the purpose

A

satellite cells - healing

103
Q

the cell membrane of a muscle fiber

A

sarcolemma

104
Q

the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

A

sarcoplasm

105
Q

the ER of a muscle fiber

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

106
Q

the expanded tubes of SR that store calcium for muscle contraction

A

terminal cisternae

107
Q

the tubes that go perpendicularly from the sarcolemma deeper into the muscle fiber

108
Q

2 terminal cisterns and 1 t-tubule

109
Q

when a muscle grows directly into the periosteum

A

direct attachment

110
Q

when a muscle is connected to a bone by a tendon or aponeurosis

A

indirect attachment

111
Q

What is the difference between a tendon and an aponeurosis?

A

tendon - a cord

aponeurosis - a sheet-like tendon

112
Q

a tube of synovial membrane and fluid through which a tendon slides

A

tendon sheath

113
Q

a condition created by repetitive movements of the wrist, the wrist tendons swell and crush the median nerve

A

carpal tunnel syndrome

114
Q

a connection between a nerve and a muscle

A

neuromuscular junction

115
Q

another name for a nruromuscular junction

116
Q

the gap between a nerve and another nerve or muscle

A

synaptic cleft

117
Q

the chemicals that communicate for nerves

A

neurotransmitters

118
Q

the neurotransmitter that works on skeletal muscle

A

ACh acetylcholine

119
Q

the enzyme that breacks down acetylcholine

A

AChE acetylcholinesterase

120
Q

the sacks that hold neurotransmitter chemicals

A

synaptic vesicles

121
Q

the feature that increases the surface area of the sarcolemma

A

junctional folds

122
Q

the enlarged end of the nerve where it attaches to the muscle

A

synaptic knob or synaptic bulb

123
Q

the ion that enters the synaptic knob to trigger the release of ACh

124
Q

the organelle in a muscle fiber that is made of thick and thin myofilaments arranged in units called sarcomeres

125
Q

the idea that explains how muscles contract by thick and thin fibers moving past one another

A

sliding filament theory

126
Q

the region of a sarcomere where there are both thick and thin myofilaments are found

A

zone of overlap

127
Q

the place on the myosin that reaches out to grap the thin filament

A

cross bridge or myosin head

128
Q

a group of inherited diseases where the muscle fibers are built improperly causing progressive muscular weakness

A

muscular dystrophy

129
Q

the most common type of muscular dystrophy

130
Q

the nerve that sends messages to a skeletal muscle

A

motor neuron

131
Q

the place on the sarcolemma where the nerve meets up to it

A

motor end plate

132
Q

when there is a difference in charge across a muscle cell membrane

133
Q

the nerve message

A

action potential

134
Q

when the muscle cell membrane loses its charge difference

A

depolarization

135
Q

the active transport system that created the charge difference by pumping ions across the membrane

A

sodium-potassium pump

136
Q

when the membrane is restored to its orignal state of charge difference

A

repolarization

137
Q

the period of time it takes for the membrane to get back to its original state when it can’t respond

A

refractory period

138
Q

a single contraction/relaxation sequence caused by one action potential

A

muscle twitch

139
Q

a graph of a muscle contraction

140
Q

the period where the muscle builds tension

A

contraction phase

141
Q

the period where the muscle loses tension

A

relaxation

142
Q

the period on a myogram where the muscle can’t respond

A

latent period

143
Q

What is necessary for the cross bridges to relax?

144
Q

Whar happens after death due to a lack of ATP

A

rigor mortis

145
Q

food poisoning that prevents the release of ACh

146
Q

an inherited autoimmune condition where the ACh receptors are damaged

A

myasthenia gravis

147
Q

one motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

A

motor unit

148
Q

getting more motor units involved to have a stronger contraction

A

recruitment

149
Q

firm muscles because some fibers are contracted at any given time

A

muscle tone

150
Q

when a muscle fiber is stimulated, it contracts completely or not at all

A

all-or-none principle

151
Q

muscle fibers with power but little endurance

A

fast glycolytic fibers

152
Q

muscle fibers with endurance but not much power

A

slow oxidative fibers

153
Q

intermediate fibers with some power and some endurance

A

fast oxidative fibers

154
Q

variations in the degree of contraction that allows for muscle control

A

graded muscle response

155
Q

when muscle tension climbs due to receiving additional stimuli before relaxation

A

wave summation

156
Q

when a contraction reaches maximal tension but still allows some relaxation

A

incomplete (unfused) tetanus

157
Q

when a muscle contraction reaches maximal tension without any sign of relaxation

A

complete (fused) tetanus

158
Q

the minimum stimulus necessary to cause a response

A

threshold stimulus

159
Q

any stimulus that is lower than what is needed to cause a response

A

subthreshold stimulus

160
Q

a bacterial infection that causes sustained muscle contractions

161
Q

what kind of bacteria causes tetanus and what kind of wound results in these bacteria

A

anaerobic - puncture wound

162
Q

one end of a muscle on the less movable bone

163
Q

one end of a muscle on the more movable bone

164
Q

what a muscle does

165
Q

the nerve supply for a muscle

A

innervation

166
Q

a contraction that actually shortens a muscle

167
Q

a contraction that can’t shorten a muscle

168
Q

an isotonic contraction that shortens a muscle

A

concentric

169
Q

an isotonic contraction that lengthens a muscle

170
Q

three factors that help a muscle return to its original position

A
  1. gravity
  2. elasticity
  3. opposing muscles
171
Q

stored glycogen in muscles

A

glycosomes

172
Q

the chemical that glucose splits into by glycolysis

A

pyruvic acid

173
Q

the chemical that stores oxygen in muscles

174
Q

how long a muscle lasts

175
Q

how much tension a muscle can create

176
Q

What determines how fast a muscle fiber can contract

A

the myosin ATPases

177
Q

Which muscle fibers are called white meat, and which are called dark meat?

A

white meat - no blood, - powerful but less endurance

dark meat - good blood supply - more endurance but less power

178
Q

the opposing force to muscle tension, what tension has to overcome to cause movement

179
Q

What determines the types of muscle fibers in a muscle?

180
Q

the enlargement of a muscle

A

hypertrophy

181
Q

What kind of exercise causes muscles to hypertrophy?

A

resistance exercise

182
Q

the replacement of muscle with scar tissue

183
Q

Furrows brow

184
Q

Blinking muscle

A

Orbicularius oculi

185
Q

Kissing muscle

A

Orbicularius oris

186
Q

Smiling muscle

A

Zygomaticus

187
Q

Tenses lip

A

Orbicularius oris

188
Q

Frowning muscle

A

Depressor anguli oris

189
Q

Muscle needed to play a horn

A

Buccinator

190
Q

Flares nostrils

191
Q

Raises upper lip

A

Levator labii

192
Q

Whistling muscle

A

Buccinator

193
Q

Chewing muscle

194
Q

Synergist for chewing

A

Temporalis

195
Q

Moves tongue

196
Q

Opens jaw

197
Q

Swallowing muscle

198
Q

Flexes neck or turns it side to side

A

Sternocleidomastoid

199
Q

Below the hyoid

A

Infrahyoid

200
Q

What do the pharyngeal constrictors allow?

A

Swallowing

201
Q

What is good posture a result of?

A

Equal contraction of back muscles

202
Q

How are abdominal muscles named?

A

By the direction their fibers run

203
Q

Abducting arm muscles

A

Trapezius and deltoid

204
Q

Adducting arm muscles

A

Lattisimus dorsi and terres muscles

205
Q

Shrugging muscle

A

Levator scapuli

206
Q

Knee flexor

207
Q

Knee extensor

A

Quadriceps

208
Q

Allows you to sit cross-legged

209
Q

Abducting muscle of leg

A

Tensor fascai late

210
Q

Adducting muscle of leg

211
Q

Muscles involved in plantar flexion

A

Gastrocnemius and soleus

212
Q

Muscle involved in dorsi flexion

A

Tibialis anterior

biology (3 decks)

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