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APHY > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three categories of muscle

A

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

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2
Q

which type of muscle is voluntary and moves the skeleton

A

skeletal

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3
Q

what is a key characteristic of skeletal muscle?

A

they can only pull, not push

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4
Q

what cause the striation in skeletal muscle?

A

overlapping arrangements of filaments within the muscle fiber, thin anf thick filament

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5
Q

which type of muscle is involuntary and responsible for functions like transport and mixing?

A

smooth

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6
Q

why does smooth muscle appear smooth?

A

lack of striation

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7
Q

what is the smallest unit of contraction in a muscle?

A

sarcomere

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8
Q

what are fasicles?

A

bundles of muscle fibers that make up a muscle

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9
Q

what is another term for muscle cell?

A

myofibril or muscle fiber

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10
Q

what are the two types of microfilaments that create the striation appearance?

A

actin and myosin

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11
Q

which microfilament is thin?

A

actin

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12
Q

which microfilament is thick?

A

myosin

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13
Q

what structure defines the borders of a sacromere?

A

z line

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14
Q

what’s the I band in a sarcomere?

A

region containing only actin filament

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15
Q

what is the A band in a sarcomere?

A

region spanning the length of the myosin filaments

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16
Q

what is the H zone in a sarcomere?

A

region containing only myosin filament

17
Q

what is located in the middle of a sarcomere?

A

the M line

18
Q

what does a sliding filament model describe?

A

how muscle contraction occurs

19
Q

what is the goal of the sliding filament model in terms of the sarcomere?

A

to shorten the length of the sarcomere, leading to muscle contraction

20
Q

how is the sarcomere shortened during muscle contraction?

A

by increasing the overlap of actin and myosin filaments

21
Q

what is excitation-contraction coupling?

A

the process of using an action potential to trigger skeletal muscle

22
Q

where does excitation-contraction begin?

A

at the end of a motor neuron

23
Q

what happens at the neuromuscular jxn during excitability-contraction coupling?

A

the motor neuron releases Ach which binds to receptors on the sarcolemma (muscle cell membrane) triggering a signal

24
Q

what is the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

releases calcium ions into the sarcoplasm in response to the signal

25
Q

what structure on the thick filament allows fro connection with the thin filament?

A

the head group of the myosin filament which forms the crossbridge

26
Q

what are the regulartory proteins on the thin filament?

A

troponin and tropomyosin

27
Q

fxn of troponin and tropomyosin?

A

block the formation of cross bridges between myosin and actin

28
Q

what role does calcium play in regulating muscle contraction?

A

calcium binds to troponin causing a shift in the troponin and tropomyosin complex which exposes the myosin binding sites

29
Q

Describe the first step of the crossbridge cycle.

A

The myosin head, bound to ADP and Pi (in a high-energy state), binds to actin, forming a crossbridge.

30
Q

What happens during the power stroke of the crossbridge cycle?

A

The myosin head undergoes a shape change, pulling the actin filament. This releases ADP and Pi, putting the myosin head in a low-energy state

31
Q

How is the crossbridge broken during the crossbridge cycle?

A

ATP binds to the myosin head, causing it to detach from actin.

32
Q

What happens in the final step of the crossbridge cycle?

A

ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi, returning the myosin head to its high-energy state, ready for another cycle

33
Q

How does muscle relaxation begin?

A

The motor neuron stops releasing ACh at the neuromuscular junction

34
Q

What happens to calcium levels during muscle relaxation?

A

Calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, using ATP.

35
Q

What is the effect of calcium removal on the thin filament?

A

The troponin-tropomyosin complex returns to its blocking position, covering the myosin-binding sites on actin.

APHY (5 decks)

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