Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Muscular System > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

0
Q

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

A

Forms most of the heart wall
Is striated
Is involuntary
Can regenerate under certain conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Skeletal muscle tissues

A

Is attached to bones and moves part of the skeleton
Is striated (alternating light and dark bands)
Is voluntary (conscious control)
Has limited capacity for regeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

Located in the walls of hollow internal structures like blood vessels, airways and the stomach
Not striated
Is voluntary
Compared to other muscles it has a considerable capacity to regenerate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Functions of the muscle tissue

A

Producing body movements like running or walking
Stabilizing body positions like sitting or standing
Regulating organ volume by using ring muscles called sphincters to close off outlets from the stomach and bladder
Moving substances within the body like blood, food, sperm, eggs
Producing heat from the contraction of muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Skeletal muscle is composed of

A

Cells called muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Epimyseum

A

CT that wraps the muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Perimyseum

A

CT that surrounds a fascicles which is a bundle of 10-100 muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Endomyseum

A

CT that wraps each individual muscle fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Tendon

A

A cord formed from the extension epimyseum, perimyseum, and endomyseum. It attaches the muscle to a bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are skeletal muscles supplied with?

A

Nerves and blood vessels which provide nutrients and oxygen for the production of ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sarcolemma

A

The name for the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

T-tubules (transverse tubules)

A

Tunnel like inward extensions of the sarcolemma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Nuclei

A

Each muscle fiber contains multiple nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

The name for the muscle fibers cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Mitochondria

A

Makes large amounts of ATP for muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

A

Similar to the endoplasmic reticulum; it stores calcium ions needed for muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Myoglobin

A

Reddish pigment that stores oxygen until it is needed by the mitochondria to produce ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Myofibrils

A

Cylindrical structures within and extending the length of the muscle fiber
They contain thin and thick filaments (do not run the entire length of the muscle fiber)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Thick filaments

A

Made up of protein called myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Thin filaments

A

Contains the protein actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Sarcomere

A

Compartment within the myofibril formed from the filaments of the thick and thin filaments
Basic functional unit of the muscle fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Z-discs

A

Zig zag zones that separate one sarcomere from the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Sliding filament mechanism

A

During muscle contraction myosin heads of the thick filaments pull and slide on the thin filaments causing the thin filaments to pull toward the center of the sarcomere
When the filaments slide past each other it causes the sarcomere to get shorter causing the shortening of the entire muscle fiber
Ca+ must be high enough and there must be enough ATP available

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A

Nueromuscular junction is the synapse (connection) between a motor neuron and muscle fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Motor Neuron

A

A nerve cell that delivers an electrical signal called a muscle action potential (nerve impulse)
The message is what tells the muscle it’s time to contract
Motor unit- a single motor neuron plus all of the muscle fibers it stimulates. Stimulation of one motor unit causes all the fibers in the motor unit to contract at the same time
Axon terminal- the end of the axon (long process) of a motor unit that approaches but does not touch the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber. The ends of the axon terminal enlarge into synaptic end bulbs. The synaptic end bulbs contains sacs called synaptic vesicles which are filled with a chemical called acetylcholine (ACh) a neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

The space between the axon terminal and the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Motor end plate

A

The region of the sarcolemma near the axon teriminal; it contains millions of ACh receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

When nerve impulses arrive at the synaptic end bulbs:

A

ACh is released from the synaptic vesicles. It diffuses across the synaptic cleft.
ACh binds to the receptors in the motor end plate. This opens ion channels in the sarcolemma that allow sodium ions to flow across the membrane and enter the muscle fiber
As a result the sodium ions rushing in, actin potential is generated which flows along the sarcolemma and through the t-tubules
Acetylholinesterase (AChE) breaks down ACh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Two things are needed for muscle contraction

A

Ca+

Energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

When a muscle fiber is relaxed:

A

Ca+ is found in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. When muscle action potential travels into the SR Ca12 is released into the sarcoplasm where it uncovers myosin biding site of the thin filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Contraction occurs:

A

As ATP is split into ADP and P and energy is transferred into myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The power stroke occurs

A

Myosin, the thick filaments slide the thin filaments, actin toward the center of the sarcomere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Energized myosin heads

A

Form cross bridges that attach to actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Relaxation

A

ACh is broke down by AChE

Ca+2 are pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Rigor mortis

A

After a person dies Ca+2 leaks out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum causing the thin filaments to slide and the muscles to stiffen
Lasts about 24 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Muscle tone

A

There is a continual involuntary activation of a small number of motor units even when the whole muscle is not contracting
Needed to maintain posture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Flaccid

A

Very limp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

ATP

A

Produced by mitochondria
Provides energy for the moving thick filaments cross bridges when split
ATP–> ADP+P+Energy
Enough power contraction for only a few seconds

38
Q

Creatine phosphate

A

The transfer of high energy phosphate group from creatine phosphate to ADP forms new ATP molecules
CP+ADP–> ATP+ creatine
Creatine phosphate and ATP provide enough energy for muscles to contract for about 15 seconds

39
Q

Anaerobic cellular respiration (glycosis)

A

Found in the blood. Also produced within muscle fibers by the breakdown of glycogen, it’s storage form
Glucose is converted into pyruvic acid in these reactions which produce 2 ATPs without oxygen
1 glucose + 2 pyruvic acid –> 2 ATPs
Enough energy for 30-40 seconds

40
Q

Aerobic cellular respiration

A

Mitochondria use oxygen to convert glucose to ATP
1 glucose –> O2 + 2 pyruvic acid –> CO2 + H2O + 36 ATP
10 minutes of activities

41
Q

Muscle fatigue

A

Inability of a muscle to contract forcefully after prolonged activity

42
Q

Recovery oxygen uptake

A

Elevated oxygen use after exercise

43
Q

Twitch contraction

A

A brief contraction of all muscle fibers of a motor unit in response to a single action potential stimulus

44
Q

Myogram

A

Recordings of muscle contractions

45
Q

Latent period

A

Time between application of stimulus and actual shortening of the muscle fiber

46
Q

Contraction period

A

Actual contraction is taking place

47
Q

Relaxation period

A

Re-lengthening of the muscle

48
Q

Wave summation

A

Increased strength of contraction that occurs when a second stimulus arrives before the muscle has completely relaxed after a previous stimulus

49
Q

Infused tetanus

A

Repeated stimuli cause a sustained wavering contraction with partial relaxation between stimuli

50
Q

Fused tetanus

A

Faster repeated stimuli cause a sustained muscle contraction without partial relaxation between stimuli

51
Q

Motor unit recruitment

A

The process of increasing the number of contracting motor units. It allows for smooth movements to occur

52
Q

Isotonic contractions

A

Tension remains relatively constant but length changes allowing movement

53
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Muscle length does not or cannot change, but tension increases. This acts to stabilize posture

54
Q

Aging effects on skeletal muscle

A

Skeletal muscle is slowly replaced with fibrous CT and adipose
Decrease in strength
Slow muscle reflexes
Loss of flexibility

55
Q

Muscle tone

A

Slight

Constant contraction during consciousness

56
Q

Isotonic

A

Shortens the muscle and causes movement

57
Q

Isometric

A

Increases muscle tensions but no movement occurs

58
Q

Tetanus

A

Continuous sustained contraction allowing smooth movement

59
Q

Summation

A

“Stairstep” increase in contraction with repeated stimulation before muscle has completely relaxed

60
Q

Essential for maintaining posture

A

Muscle tone

61
Q

The third phase of muscle twitch contraction

A

Relaxation

62
Q

These structures in the enlarged bulbs of an axon provide energy to make ACh

A

Mitochondria

63
Q

State of limpness

A

Flaccid

64
Q

Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

A

Sarcoplasm

65
Q

This tissue is responsible for most of the heat production going on in the body

A

Muscle tissue

66
Q

The movement of these ions from outside the sarcolemma to inside causes an action potential to begin to move along

A

Sodium

67
Q

These ions are necessary to trigger muscle contraction

A

Ca+2

Stored in the SR

68
Q

Dietary supplement that some studies show may result in more lifting power

A

Creatine

69
Q

The storage form of glucose in our liver and muscles

A

Glycogen

70
Q

This anaerobic process provides enough energy for 30-40 sec of maximal activity

A

What is glycolysis

71
Q

The connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

A

Tendon

72
Q

The source of energy for muscle contraction

A

ATP

73
Q

What is another name for action potential?

A

What is nerve impulse

74
Q

This is required by mitochondria in the aerobic production of energy for muscle contraction

A

What is oxygen

75
Q

Another name for muscle cells

A

What is muscle fiber

76
Q

This is the cell membrane of muscle cells

A

What is sarcolemma

77
Q

The alternate light and dark bands running through the sarcoplasm of a muscle cell is

A

Straition

78
Q

A single nerve fiber and the muscle fiber it supplies

A

What is motor unit

79
Q

A chemical necessary to transfer the nerve impulse to stimulate the muscle

A

What is acetylcholine

80
Q

The time between the application of a stimulus and the actual shortening of the muscle

A

Latent period

81
Q

The two types of skeletal muscle contractions needed for normal body movements

A

Isotonic and tetanus

82
Q

The connection between nerve fiber and muscle fiber is

A

Neuromuscular junction

83
Q

A brief contraction of all muscle fibers of a motor unit in response to a single stimulus

A

What is a twitch

84
Q

Most of the Co+2 is found here when a muscle fiber is relaxed

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

85
Q

A stiffening of the muscles after death due to Ca+2 leaking out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

What is rigor mortis

86
Q

Name the major function of muscles

A

Movement, position, volume substances heat

87
Q

The neurotransmitter released from the synaptic vesicles of neurons supplying skeletal muscle

A

ACH

88
Q

What is the thick myofilament that has enlarged heads to form cross bridges

A

What is myosin

89
Q

ATP—-ADP + phosphate group +energy

A

For contraction

90
Q

CP+ ADP—-creatine + ATP

A

Creatine pathway

91
Q

Glucose——-pyruvic acid——2ATP

A

No oxygen

92
Q

Glucose—–O2 + pyruvic acid-CO2 + H2O + 36ATP

A

Oxygen

Muscular System (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions