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BIO 40A > Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Muscle Tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

What features distinguish the 3 types of muscular tissue?

A

controllability, striation, lining/direction of fibers, location of nucleus, # of nuclei

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2
Q

general functions of muscular tissue

A

> produce movement
Stabilize body positions and maintain posture
generates heat through thermogenesis
stores substances using sphincters and moves substances using peristaltic contractions

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3
Q

Describe 4 properties of muscular tissue

A

> excitable = responds to a stimuli
contractible = shorten in length
extensible = extend or stretch
elastic = return to original shape

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4
Q

What are 3 connective tissue layers in a skeletal muscle?

A

epimysium, perimysium, endomysium

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5
Q

Describe the microscopic anatomy of a skeletal muscle fiber

A

individual muscle fibers are bundled into fascicles and are surrounded by 3 C.T. layers that are extensions of the fascia

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6
Q

plasma membrane of the muscle fiber

A

sarcolemma

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7
Q

tunnel from surface that directs toward the center of a muscle fiber

A

Tranverse (T tubule)

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8
Q

cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

A

sarcoplasm

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9
Q

sarcoplasm appears stuffed with myofibrils

A

contractile organelles

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10
Q

what surrounds the myofibril

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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11
Q

what are inside myofibrils

A

filaments

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12
Q

what are the compartments for filaments called

A

sarcomeres

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13
Q

thin filaments composed of what protein

A

actin

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14
Q

what protein makes up thick filaments

A

myosin

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15
Q

what part of a sarcomere:
separates one sarcomere from another; narrow; plate-shaped

A

Z-disc

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16
Q

what part of a sarcomere:
darker middle part; extends entire length of thick filaments

A

A-band

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17
Q

what part of a sarcomere:
lighter, less dense area; contains rest of thin filaments; Z disc passes through

A

I-band

18
Q

what part of a sarcomere:
located at the center of A-band; contains thick, but NOT thin filaments

A

H-zone

19
Q

Outline the steps involved in the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction

A
  1. ATP hydrolysis
  2. Attachment
  3. Power Stroke
  4. Detachment
    _________
  5. Myosin hydrolyzes ATP
  6. myosin enters ready state
  7. myosin binds (If Ca2+ releses, binds troponin and tropomysin) actin
  8. phosphate release, power stroke
  9. ADP release, “rigor”
  10. myosin binds ATP, unbinds actin
20
Q

Describe how muscle action potentials are begun at neuromuscular junction.

A
  1. Release of ACh
  2. Activation of ACh receptors
  3. Production of action potential
  4. Termination of ACh activity
21
Q

3 ways to produce ATP

A

creatinine phosphate, anaerobic glycolysis, aerobic respiration

22
Q

formed from ATP when muscle is relaxed, transfers a high-energy phosphate group to ADP, forming ATP during muscle contraction

A

creatine phosphate

23
Q

breakdown of muscle glycogen into glucose and production of pyruvic acid from glucose via glycolysis; no oxygen is needed; yields 2 molecules of lactic acid and 2 molecules of ATP

A

anaerobic glycolysis

24
Q

O2 is required; Inside the mitochondria, pyruvic acid, fatty acids and amino acids are used. When O2 is present, glycolysis, krebs cycles, and the electron transport chain occur

A

aerobic respiration

25
Q

phases of a twitch contraction

A

> Latent Period
contraction period
relaxation period
refractory period

26
Q

brief delay between application of the stimulus and beginning of a contraction. The muscle action potential sweeps over the sarcolemma and calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum [twitch]

A

latent period

27
Q

Ca2+ binds to troponin, myosin-binding sites on actin are exposed, and cross-bridges are formed. Peak tension develops in the muscle fiber. [twitch]

A

contraction period

28
Q

Ca2+ is actively transported back into the SR, myosin-binding sites are covered by tropomyosin, myosin heads detach from actin, and tension in the muscle fiber decreases [twitch]

A

relaxation period

29
Q

period of lost excitability [twitch]

A

refractory period

30
Q

What type of contraction?
tension developed in the muscle remains almost constant while the muscle changes its length; used for body movements and for moving objects

A

isotonic contraction

31
Q

What type of contraction?
muscle contraction in which the muscle shortens while generating force; reduces the angle at a joint

A

concentric isotonic contraction

32
Q

What type of contraction?
muscle tension is less than the resistance (muscle lengthens); tension exerted by myosin cross-bridges resists movement of a load and slows the lengthening process

A

eccentric isotonic contraction

33
Q

What type of contraction?
results in NO MOVEMENT; muscle force and resistance are equal; supporting objects in fixed position and posture; no change in length for muscle; important for maintaining posture and for supporting objects in fixed position; stabilize some joints

A

isometric contraction

34
Q

What type of skeletal muscle fiber?
small, appear dark red, least powerful; fatigue resistant; slow-twitch; generates ATP mainly by aerobic respiration

A

slow oxidative (SO)

35
Q

What type of skeletal muscle fiber?
intermediate in size, appear dark red, moderately resistant to fatigue; aerobic respiration and anaerobic glycolysis

A

fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers (FOG)

36
Q

What type of skeletal muscle fiber?
large, white and powerful; generate ATP mainly by glycolysis; fatigue quickly

A

fast glycolytic (FG) fibers

37
Q

muscle-muscle connection

A

fascia

38
Q

sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue

A

fascia

39
Q

skeletal muscle-bone connection

A

tendon

40
Q

connects 2 muscle bellies

A

aponeurosis

BIO 40A (4 decks)

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