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πš™πš‘πš’πšœπš’πš˜πš•πš˜πšπš’ 𝟸 : πš–πšžπšœπšŒπšžπš•πš˜-πšœπš”πšŽπš•πšŽπšπšŠπš• > Muscle Structure And Adaptation > Flashcards

Muscle Structure And Adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

What do muscles form from in the embryo?

A

β†’ Somites (paraxial mesoderm)

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2
Q

What happens to mesodermal cells during development?

A

β†’ They go through a mesenchymal transition
β†’ The cells become columnar and form a transient cavity
β†’ They undergo an epithelial mesenchymal transition to form the sclerotome

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3
Q

What does the sclerotome consist of?

A

β†’ Bone
β†’ Ribs
β†’ Cartilage

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4
Q

What is the myotome?

A

β†’ Muscle precursors

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5
Q

What is the dermomyotome?

A

β†’ Myotome and dorsal dermis

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6
Q

What is the syndetome?

A

β†’ Tendons

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7
Q

What does the notochord do?

A

β†’ Induces the mesoderm to become myogenic by inducing myogenic regulatory factors

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8
Q

What do paracrine factors induce?

A

β†’ Myf5 and MyoD (myogenic transcription factors)

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9
Q

Describe myogenesis

A

β†’ Notochord induces mesoderm to become myogenic
β†’ Paracrine factors induce Myf5 and MyoD which leads to myogenic commitment
β†’ myoblasts proliferate
β†’ Exit the cell cycle due to myogenin expression
β†’Structural proteins are expressed and myotubes form
β†’ Myotubes align and fuse parallel to each other
β†’ Biphasic muscle development : primary and secondary
β†’ Satellite cells : regeneration and post natal growth

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10
Q

What does myogenin expression mean?

A

β†’terminal differentiation

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11
Q

What are the structural proteins expressed when myotubes form?

A

β†’ Actin and myosin

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12
Q

What can embryonic fibre number be affected by?

A

β†’ temperature
β†’ hormones
β†’ Nutrition
β†’ Innervation

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13
Q

What happens to muscle mass after birth?

A

β†’ Increase in fibre size (hypertrophy)

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14
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

β†’ Muscle stem cells

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15
Q

What are muscle stem cells?

A

β†’ Undifferentiated muscle precursors that are self-renewing

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16
Q

When are MuSCs activated?

A

β†’ training

β†’ postnatal development

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17
Q

Why are muscle cells multinucleated?

A

β†’ They are big and long cells
β†’ huge production of structural proteins
β†’ this needs to occur along the length of the muscle fibre

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18
Q

What do myosin isoforms dictate?

A

β†’ Different chemomechanical transduction
β†’ ATP hydrolysis
β†’ Shortening velocity

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19
Q

What do troponin and tropomyosin isoforms dictate?

A

β†’ Determine sensitivity to Ca2+

20
Q

What do titin isoforms dictate?

A

β†’ Elastic properties

21
Q

What is an example of a type I fibre?

A

β†’ Back extensor muscle

22
Q

What are type I fibres used for?

A

β†’ Posture

23
Q

What are the properties of type I fibres?

A

β†’ High mitochondrial content - oxidative phosphorylation
β†’ Heavily vascularised
β†’ Sustained contraction
β†’ Abundant myoglobin

24
Q

What are the properties of type II fibres?

A

β†’ High force contraction
β†’Fatigue easily
β†’ Less mitochondria - glycolytic respiration
β†’ Poorly vascularised

25
Q

What ratio of muscle fibres do untrained individuals have?

A

β†’ 50:50 fast to slow

26
Q

What ratio of muscle fibres do long distance runners have?

A

β†’ 60-70% slow

27
Q

What ratio of muscle fibres do sprinters have?

A

β†’ 80% fast

28
Q

What are properties of powerlifters muscles?

A 
β†’ Hypertrophied
 β†’ Highly glycolytic 
 β†’ Fatigue easily 
 β†’ High muscle to total body mass ratio
 β†’ muscle size interferes with locomotion
29
Q

What is the order that MHC can split ATP in from fastest to slowest?

A 
β†’ 2B 
 β†’ 2A 
 β†’ 2X 
 β†’ 1
 β†’ embryonic is the slowest
30
Q

What is MHCexoc?

A

β†’ extraocular myosin heavy chain

31
Q

What is MHCperi?

A

β†’ perinatal myosin heavy chain

32
Q

What are the gene differences between males and females in terms of skeletal muscles?

A

β†’ >3000 genes

β†’ males have a larger fibre cross-sectional area

33
Q

What is the difference between females and males in type I fibres?

A

β†’ males - 36%

β†’ females - 44%

34
Q

What is the difference between females and males in type II fibres?

A

β†’ males - 41%

β†’ females - 34%

35
Q

What is testosterone needed for?

A

β†’ development of the male reproductive system

36
Q

What does testosterone develop?

A

β†’ Muscle + bone mass
β†’ body hair
β†’ deep voice

37
Q

What kind of a steroid is testosterone?

A

β†’ Anabolic

38
Q

What does testosterone do to muscle cells?

A

β†’ Commitment of mesenchymal pluripotent cells into myogenic lineage

39
Q

What does testosterone inhibit?

A

β†’ inhibits adipogenesis

40
Q

What does testosterone stimulate?

A

β†’ Satellite cell replication
β†’ muscle protein synthesis
β†’ fibre hypertrophy

41
Q

What are the three adverse effects that synthetic anabolic steroids can have?

A

β†’ Increase BP
β†’ affect the heart
β†’ Shrinkage of testicles

42
Q

What can be used for muscle mass loss?

A

β†’ testosterone

43
Q

How does muscle recover from a minor injury such as a sprain?

A

β†’ Damaged muscle fibres necrose
β†’ There is an inflammatory response and neutrophils and macrophages respond to the damaged muscle fibre
β†’ There is an increase in satellite cell proliferation
β†’ they fuse with muscle fibres and regenerate them

44
Q

How does muscle recover from laceration?

A

β†’ incomplete laceration

β†’ fibrotic tissue forms

45
Q

What is sarcopenia?

A

β†’ age related loss of muscle mass

46
Q

How much does muscle mass decrease after 30?

A

β†’ 3-8% decrease after 30

β†’ higher after 60

47
Q

What is loss of muscle mass associated with?

A

β†’ gain in fat mass

β†’ decreased satellite cell number and recruitment

πš™πš‘πš’πšœπš’πš˜πš•πš˜πšπš’ 𝟸 : πš–πšžπšœπšŒπšžπš•πš˜-πšœπš”πšŽπš•πšŽπšπšŠπš• (4 decks)

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