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physiology 215 > muscle physiology > Flashcards

muscle physiology Flashcards

1
Q

structure of skeletal muscle include

A

muscle, muscle fibres , myofibrils ,

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2
Q

what is the role of myofibrils?

A

they are the contractile element in muscle fibres and have a pattern of dark and light bands

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3
Q

A band

A

known as dark bands and are made up of stacked thin and thick filaments that a re aligned parallel to each other

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4
Q

I bands

A

called light bands and a re made upon a portion of thin filaments that don’t extend to A bands

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5
Q

H zone

A

known as the lighter portion of the A band and hold myosin together in a stack

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6
Q

M line

A

proteins that hold the think filaments together ad runs down the centre of the H zone

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7
Q

z line

A

located in the middle of the I band , dismantle between 2 lines is known as a sarcomere , the functional unit of skeletal muscle

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8
Q

cross bridges

A

mobile myosin binding to the actin molecules in muscles

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9
Q

thin filament is made up of what proteins ?

A

actin , tropomyosin and troponin

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10
Q

thick filament is made up of ?

A

the motor protein known as myosin

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11
Q

head of myosin contain ?

A

important binding site for actin and a myosin ATPASE site

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12
Q

cross bridge formation from what ?

A

basis of sliding filament mechanism to allow for muscular contraction

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13
Q

contraction

A

activation of tension generating sites within muscle fibres, muscle will shorten

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14
Q

what happens to thick and thin filaments in contraction ?

A

thin filaments move inwards over the thick filaments , when this happens, z one move closer together when all the sarcomeres shorten to the same degree

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15
Q

concentric contraction

A

when a muscle shortens

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16
Q

powerstroke

A

refers to the interaction between myosin and actin which leads to a shortening of a sarcomere

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17
Q

what are the steps in the cross bridge cycle 4 things

A

1 binding, myosin cross bridge binds to actin 2 power stroke : myosin head bends pulling thin myofilament inwards
3: detachment : cross bridge detaches and returns to original formation
4 binding again

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18
Q

what is the result of a power stroke ?

A

actin molecules being pulled closer to he myosin , with each cross bridge actin is pulled over even more

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19
Q

excitation contraction coupling

A

process of converting electrical signal to a muscle contraction

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20
Q

structures of skeletal muscle that allow for transmit of signal to muscle fibres

A

T tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum

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21
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

runs parallel to muscle fibres and acts as a storage site for calcium

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22
Q

T tubules

A

invaginations of the plasma membrane , run perpendicular to the fibres at junction of A and I bands

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23
Q

membrane depolarization in t tubules results in the release of ?

A

ca + from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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24
Q

what happens in a relaxed muscle

A

cannot contract because tropomyosin is in the and troponin are in the way to prevent a cross bridge formation by blocking the myosin sites on the actin molecules

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25
Q

what happens when muscle is excited ?

A

Ca enters the muscle fibres which then binds to troponin which causes tropomyosin to move out of the way and exposing the myosin binding sites on actin molecules

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26
Q

muscle relaxation is caused by

A

decreased nerve activity at neuromuscular junction Ach in no longer released and acetylcholinesterase roves remaining ACH which stops the generation olfaction potentials in skeletal muscle

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27
Q

what happens without the release of ca +?

A

the troponin - tropomyosin complex can cover the the actin molecules , which results in muscle lengthening and relaxation

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28
Q

exposure of the actin binding sites allows for the

A

the ATP cross bridging cycling

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29
Q

what happens when ATPase binds withATP

A

splits into ADP and inorganic phosphate , stored energy is released and transferred to the myosin cross bridge

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30
Q

in the presence of ca +, the troponin and tropomyosin complex exposes actin , why happens to the cross bridge
?

A

cross bridge can bind with the actin molecule and causes a power stroke

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31
Q

when there is no Ca +?

A

cross bridge remains cocked and their is no contraction

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32
Q

what happens in power stroke ?

A

P is released and and ADP is released and cross bridge is still bound to actin

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33
Q

what happens when new ATP molecules bind ?

A

causes cross bridge to detach and return to its original shape

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34
Q

latent period

A

when cross bridging cycling begins, delay before contraction starts and action potential is complete

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35
Q

contraction time

A

where peak tension occurs , greatest tension reached by still creating force from the outside load , will end after all ca has Been removed

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36
Q

relaxation time

A

temporal relaxation between electrical stimulus and mechanical response

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37
Q

in order for muscles to have tension they must ?

A

have twitch which can happen through motor unit recruitment or frequency stimulation

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38
Q

muscle fibres in motor units are spread ?

A

throughout the entire muscle , activation of one mutter unit will only cause a weak contraction

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39
Q

when motor neuron is activated hat happens

A

causes muscle fibres in motor unit to contract

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40
Q

what happens when fatigue takes place ?

A

body can selectively rotate the activation of motor units so some rest and others take over

41
Q

multiple action potential during muscle contraction allow for what ?

A

increase the contractile ability of the muscle

42
Q

what happens if muscle fibre is restimulated after it has completely relaxed ?

A

the second twitch will be the same magnitude as the first twitch

43
Q

what happens if muscle fibre is stimulated before it could relax?

A

second twitch is added to first twitch which results in twitch summation

44
Q

what happens when twitches overlap ?

A

tetanic contraction occurs , unfused is when muscle fibres do not completely relax before the next stimulus

45
Q

fused tetanic contraction

A

known as tetanus and their is no muscle relaxation between stimuli

46
Q

length tension relationship

A

amount of tension generated at tetanus is dependant on the length of the muscle at onset of contraction

47
Q

what happens when the length of the muscle is less than optimal ?

A

efficiency of contraction and tension will decrease as the thin filament is overlapping the thick filament without cross bridges. Thin filaments from opposite side of sarcomere cross over the z line

48
Q

what happens if muscle fibre length is optimal ?

A

maximal number of cross bridging binding sites are available , thin filaments don’t overlap central region , muscle fibres at rest are at optimal length

49
Q

what happens if it is greater than optimal length ?

A

during passive stretch the z lines will become further apart and the amount of overlap between thick and thin filaments decreases , less overlap means less cross bridges and less tension can be developed .. contraction won’t occur at all if the fibre is 70 % greater than the optimal fibre length

50
Q

movement of bones is achieved through ?

A

muscle contraction or relaxation

51
Q

how will a muscle shorten in contraction ?

A

it must exceed the forces that oppose the movement of the bone

52
Q

muscle soreness or myalgia happen because ?

A

over exertion , improper rest

53
Q

motor unit contractions can be classified as

A

isotonic or isometric

54
Q

isotonic contractions

A

muscle fibre tension increases as the fibre remains the same length known as static contraction

55
Q

dynamic contractions are

A

at the level of the whole muscle, and contraction is dynamic and can be concentric or eccentric

56
Q

concentric dynamic contractions

A

produce tension while muscle shortens this happens when lifting an object

57
Q

eccentric dynmaic contactions

A

produce tension when muscle lengthens ex) controlled lowering movement of object using bicep muscle ( lowering a weight when doing bicep curls

58
Q

what are the 3 ways ATP is important in the contraction relaxation process

A

1) splitting of ATP for power stroke
2) binding of the new ATP to myosin head to release the cross bridge
3) active transport of Ca back into the SR

59
Q

muscle fatigue

A

when contractile activity cannot be maintained and tension in muscles declined

60
Q

central fatigue

A

when CNS decreases its activation of motor neurons. characterized by the lowing down of activity even though the fibres are not fatigued

61
Q

muscle fatigue

A

used to protect muscle cells, fatigue reduces contractile activity before ATP runs out

62
Q

reasons for muscle fatigue

A

1) when ATP metabolites become too high, interferes with cross bridging cycle , 2) accumulation of lactic acid( reduction of ATP) 3)
accumulation of extracellular K ( NA and K pump cannot work without ATP ),
4) depletion of glycogen

63
Q

slow twitch muscle fibres ( type 1)

A

contract and relax at slower rates and are innervated by type A2 motor neurons, they are smaller and have a slower conduction speed and lower activation threshold. Are also called slow oxidative because the create ATP by aerobic processes

64
Q

fast twitch muscle fibres ( type 2)

A

contract and relax at much faster rates and are innervated by A1 motor neuronswhich are large and have high conduction speeds and higher activation threshold

65
Q

fast oxidative glycolytic fibres

A

type 2 fast twitch fibre, which produce ATP by both anaerobic and aerobic metabolism

66
Q

fast Glycolytic fibres

A

type 2 fast twitch fibres, produce ATP by anaerobic means

67
Q

color of muscle fibres is determined by

A

how they produce energy

68
Q

red fibres

A

slow oxidative and fast oxidative glycolytic fibres ,are highly vascularized an contain many mitochondria and contain myoglobin

69
Q

myoglobin give the fibres ?

A

the red color

70
Q

white fibres

A

fast glycolytic fibres which rely mainly on anaerobic metabolism and have few mitochondria and no myoglobin ( pale color )

71
Q

muscle spindles

A

monitor changes in muscle length and plays key role in stretch reflexes. distributed throughout the muscle as specialized cell s found around extrafusal fibres ( regular muscle fibres )

72
Q

intrafusal fibres

A

known as the specialized cells in muscle spindles , only the end is contractile

73
Q

muscle spindles are innervated by

A

gamma motor neurons

74
Q

central region of muscle spindles

A

contains sensory afferent fibres that are activated by stretch and transmit information on muscle length and rate of stretch on CNS

75
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

responds to changes in muscle tension , receptors found in the junctions of tendons and respond to both stretch and contraction of muscle

76
Q

what happens when extrafusal fibres contract

A

resulting tensions pulls on the tendons and stretch activates the afferent fibres intertwined within the tendons, the stronger the pull of the tendons the the higher the rate of firing of the Golgi tendon organs . information is sent to brain for processing , most info is used subconsciously

77
Q

different levels of input for motor control

A

afferent neurons, primary motor cortex, brains stem

78
Q

afferent neurons

A

involved in spinal reflexes and are at the level of the spinal cord

79
Q

primary motor cortex

A

contains the corticospinal motor system, which mediates fine motor movement of body parts such as hands and fingers

80
Q

brain stem

A

multi neuronal motor system influenced by the the motor regions of the cortex and at the cerebellum and basal nuclei , system regulates overall body posture and involuntary movement

81
Q

proprioception

A

your awareness of your body in the environment

82
Q

what would happen to damage to brainstem nuclei

A

decreased input on Motor neurons which are responsible for excitation of muscle fibres , voluntary movement would become hindered

83
Q

damage to muscle spindle ? what would happen ?

A

would effect the detection of muscle length which would hinder the afferent nerves to convey information to brainstem and primary motor cortex , bairn cannot coordinate purposeful muscle activity

84
Q

smooth muscle does not have ?

A

sarcomeres

85
Q

smooth muscle contains 3 kinds of filaments

A

thick myosin, thin actin that contain tropomyosin and intermediate filaments that don’t support contraction but eh cytoplasm skeletal framework

86
Q

instead of z lines smooth muscle cells have

A

dense bodies that are positioned throughout the cell and the internal surface of the plasma membrane

87
Q

dense bodies act as

A

anchors points for both the intermediate and contractile filaments

88
Q

thick and thin filaments are arranged

A

not in the length of the cell but at angles forming diamond pattern

89
Q

smooth muscle does not have which protein

A

troponin

90
Q

myosin light chain

A

found in smooth muscle and skeletal muscle . is more relevant in smooth muscle.and aid in the cross bridge formation

91
Q

step one in myosin cross bridge activation

A

in excitation , Ca enters and binds to calmodulin

92
Q

step 2 myosin cross bridge activation

A

calmodulin complex binds to and activates myosin light chain kinase

93
Q

step3 myosin cross bridge activation

A

phosphorylated myosin cross bridge can bind with actin

94
Q

smooth muscle does not contain

A

T tubules and has small sarcoplasmic reticulum

95
Q

calcium for smooth muscles comes from

A

Ca entry from ECF and release of Ca from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

96
Q

dihydropryidine receptors acts as ?

A

calcium channels

97
Q

calcium induced calcium released

A

release of ca can stimulate the SR to release more calcium

98
Q

multi unit smooth muscle excitation

A

known as neurogenic stimulation , distinct groups or units of smooth muscles that are innervated by nerves to contract ( nerves of the autonomic nervous system. found in small air ways of lungs, hair follicles and in the eye

99
Q

single unit smooth muscle excitation

A

represents the majority of smooth muscle muscle. fibres are all electrically connected to gap junctions and contract as a single unit or function syncytium. Found in hollow organs such as the digestive system , reproductive system and urinary tract

physiology 215 (3 decks)

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