Muscle (Non-mammalian) Flashcards
What bone do the main muscles used to power flight attach to?
The sternum (enlarged in birds)
What muscles in birds are used to pull down the wing and produce the ‘power stroke’?
Pectoral muscles.
What does the supracoracoideus muscle do?
Pulls up the wing for the return stroke during flight.
How do the skin muscles help with a bird’s flight?
They are attached to the feather follicles and can move the feathers in different directions to assist the flight.
When is the total muscle fibre number fixed in birds?
By the final stage of embryo.
What is MUSTN-1?
Musculoskeletal embryonic nuclear protein.
Key gene in skeletal muscle development.
What are the 3 main differences between flying and flightless birds?
Colour of the muscle fibre
Body mass
Function of the pectoral and supracoracoideus
What is the maximum percentage mass of a birds body that the pactoralis can be?
35%
What does the ratio of fibres depend on in birds?
The species.
Which group of animals gram for gram have the most muscle?
Fish.
What separates a myotome in fish?
connective tissue.
What are the muscles of the upper and lower segments of a fish body called?
UPPER- Epaxial
LOWER- Hypaxial
What are the 3 muscle types in fish?
Red
White
Pink
Why do fish have spongy myocardial muscle?
The heart doesn’t take in oxygenated blood, spongy muscle is able to take in small amounts of oxygen that remains in the deoxygenated blood.
What does the bulbs arterioles of the fish heart do?
Reduces pressure so that the blood is less likely to damage the delicate gill walls.
What muscle type makes up the majority of muscle in fish?
White.
Why is red muscle darker than white muscle?
Capillaries (White muscle is anaerobic and so needs fewer capillaries)
Myoglobin concentration.
What are the two swimming modes in fish?
Body and caudal fin (BCF)
Median and paired fin (MPF)
What is ram ventilation in fish?
When fish ceases active ventilation and opens its mouth and allows force of its speed to pass water over its gills.
How many chambers does a reptile heart have?
- (non crocodilian)
How does the heart rate of reptile compare to that of birds and mammals?
It is lower.
What is bite force controlled by in crocodiles?
Muscle mass.
What muscles is eating controlled by in snakes?
Intermandibular muscles.
What allows for an undulatory movement in snakes?
The muscles are segmented and overlap.
What is the special about tendons in snakes?
They are elongated to connect muscles.
How are the muscles of sea turtles used to breath under high pressures?
Abdominal muscles are used for breathing rather than diaphragm.
What are the four types of muscles in insects?
Visceral
Segmental
Appendicular
Flight
How many muscles do caterpillars have?
4000
What are the visceral muscles of insects?
Striated involuntary muscles that line the organs.
What are segmental muscles and what are they needed for?
Needed for the contractions of the segments, for moulting, breathing and locomotion in larvae.
What allows locomotion in insects?
Contraction and relaxation of agonistic and antagonistic muscles.
How is power from the muscles transmitted to the wing for flight?
Via the hardened parts of the skeleton.
Name the different types of flight muscle in insects.
Direct and indirect
Power and control
Bi-functional
Synchronous and asynchronous.
What do the power muscles do during flight?
Drive the oscillations of the wing.
What are the control muscles essential for?
Flight stability and direction.
What are the two types of flight in insects?
Bi-motor
High frequency
What is the most powerful muscle on earth?
Tongue of the giant palm salamander.
How is the tongue forced out of the mouth in amphibians?
Tongue projector muscles.
What are the three main muscle functions in amphibians?
Movement
Heat generation
Posture
What are the two types of respiration in amphibians?
Pulmonary
Buccopharyngeal.
What type of muscle in amphibians possesses a high regenerative capacity?
Skeletal muscle.
give an example of epimorphic regeneration
e.g. limb regeneration in salamander.
