Muscle & Nervous Tissue

Question 1

There are three types of muscle
comprising ~50% of the body tissue
mass:

Answer 1

i. Skeletal Muscle
ii. Cardiac Muscle
iii. Smooth Muscle

Question 2

Muscle Tissue

Consists of what type of elongated cells

Answer 2

muscle

fibres or myocytes

Question 3

As a result of contraction, muscle tissue …

Answer 3

produces body

movements, maintains posture and generates heat.

Question 4

There are ____named skeletal muscles in the
body
Appear _____under the microscope.

Answer 4

~650

striated

Question 5

Fibres (remember = cells) are what shape

Answer 5

cylindrical

Question 6

Smallest: 1.25 mm _____ (in the ear; prevent
“hyperacusis”loud sound perception.
; tympanic reflex; Bell’s Palsy )

Answer 6

stapedius

Question 7

Longest: up to the 60 cm __________(“Checking for

gum!” : hip: flexor, abductor, lateral rotator; knee: flexor).

Answer 7

sartorius

Question 8

Skeletal Muscle Tissue structure:

Answer 8

cylindrical cells 
Striated;
Multinucleate (many
peripheral nuclei pushed
to side)

Question 9

Attached to bones by

tendons are _______ control

Answer 9

Voluntary

Question 10

The striations of skeletal muscle fibres (cells) are due to the
highly organised arrangement of

Answer 10

myofibrils within the cells
Myofibrils (2 µm diam) fill the sarcoplasm
of the muscle fibre

Question 11

Myofibrils are composed of two types of filaments (myofilaments):

Answer 11

Thin filaments: mostly actin; 8 nm diam; 1-2 µm long

– Thick filaments: myosin; 16 nm diam; 1-2 µm long

Question 12

The _______is the basic
functional unit of a myofibril
separated by_____

Answer 12

sarcomere

Z discs/lines

Question 13

3 types of Connective tissue of skeletal

muscle

Answer 13

Epimysium: surrounds
anatomical muscle
Perimysium: fascicles
Endomysium: muscle fibres
(“cell”)

Question 14

Cardiac Muscle structure?

What control?

Answer 14

Striated; branched; single
central nucleus; intercalated
discs
involuntry

Question 15

Intercalated discs contain:

Answer 15

1. Desmosomes (bind intermediate filaments)
   Provide adhesion in contraction
2. Gap junctions (communication)
   (co ordinated; rapid conduction)

Question 16

Smooth Muscle structure?

What control?

Answer 16

Non-striated
(smooth);Short, Small, spindle-shaped,
single, central
nucleus
Involuntary

Question 17

The thick and thin filaments overlap to produce the striations in sacromeres in skeletal mucle:

Answer 17

A band: dark, middle ; contains all thickfilaments
I band: thin filaments, no thick filaments
H zone: thickfilaments, no thin filaments
M line:middle (holds thick filaments together)
Z disc: through centre of I band (between sarcomeres) made up of “actinins” –link filaments of adjacent sarcomeres

Question 18

Smooth Muscle is

Located where?

Answer 18

walls ofhollow internal structures
e.g. intestines (peristalsis); blood vessel walls (constriction);
also : Iris of eye, reproductive; digestive; respiratory; urinary; skin erector pili

Question 19

Smooth muscle fibres have bundles of thin (e.g. actin) and thick (e.g myosin) filaments.
Thin and intermediate (non-contracting) attach to what?

Answer 19

dense bodies,

functionally similar to Z discs. (Dense body: a major protein is Actinin).

Question 20

The nervous system has two main subdivisions:

Answer 20

Central nervous system (CNS): brain and spinal cord
–
Peripheral nervous system (PNS): all nervous tissue outside CNS

Question 21

The nervous system helps to:

Answer 21

maintain homeostasis(along with the endocrine system),
initiates voluntary movements
responsible for perception, behaviour and memory.

Question 22

nervous system Activities grouped under three major functions:

Answer 22

i.
Sensory: Detection of internal and external stimuli and transfer to CNS
ii.
Integrative: analysis and storing of information
iii.
Motor: stimulation of effectors (e.g. muscle and glands) through PNS i.e. motor here means “effector”
18

Question 23

Nervous tissue consists of two types of cells:

Answer 23

neurons(nerve cells that can be very large)
•neuroglia (supportive cells–usually small).
Neurons are longest cells in body (up to 1m –spinal cord to toe)
Conscious and unconscious control

Question 24

Neurons
Have a cell body into which short, branched ____convey nerve impulses (action potentials) and from which a longer, single ____conducts ____impulses to another neuron or tissue.

Answer 24

dendrites
axon
nerve

Question 25

Multipolar Neurons have_____ | dendrites and a ____axon

Answer 25

multiple(2 or more) single Most common neurons in CNS

Question 26

Unipolar Neuron •The dendrites and axon are______ •Cell body is________________

Answer 26

continuous off to one side Most sensory nerves are unipolar

Question 27

Has cell body between | _____and ______

Answer 27

``` axon , dendrite Special sense organs (sight, smell, hearing) relay information from receptor to neurons ```

Question 28

``` what is? • Rare and function poorly understood • Anatomy cannot distinguish dendrites from axons • Found in brain and special sense organs ```

Answer 28

Anaxonic neuron

Question 29

what is? • Found in both CNS and PNS Make up ~50% the volume of the CNS (“glue”). • Smaller than neurons but more numerous (5-50x) • Do not propagate action potentials, but can communicate. • Can divide within the mature nervous system

Answer 29

Neuroglia

Question 30

Functions of Neuroglia?

Answer 30

* Physical structure of nervous tissue * Repair framework of nervous tissue * Undertake phagocytosis * Nutrient supply to Neurons * Regulate interstitial fluid in neural tissue

Question 31

Classification of Neuroglia | 1. CNS Neuroglia

Answer 31

i. Astrocytes: a. Star-shaped ii. Oligodendrocytes. multilayered iii. Microglia: Phagocytic

Question 32

``` Ependymal cells: Produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Line the (CSF)-filled ventricles in ____ and the central canal of ____ These single layer of predominantly cuboidal cells have _____(flow) and _______ (sampling). CSF _______buffer; moves nutrients and waste ```

Answer 32

brain .spinal cord. cilia . microvilli. mechanical

Question 33

2 cells of Peripheral Nervous System Neuroglia?

Answer 33

i. Schwann cells | ii. Satellite cells:

Question 34

Schwann cells (“PNS version of CNS oligodendrocyte”) form:

Answer 34

form insulating myelin sheath around axons or just support and surround several nonmyelinated axons. (Note: One Schwann cell per axon for myelination but more axons/cell if just support).

Question 35

ii. Satellite cells surround______ ___ _______ | Support and fluid exchange

Answer 35

neuron cell bodies.