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6: Response and Homeostasis > Muscle Movement > Flashcards

Muscle Movement Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal muscle is antagonistic. What does this mean?

A

Muscles work in pairs as one contracts and the other relaxes.

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2
Q

Describe muscle structure.

A

Muscle contains fibres.
Fibres divide into myofibrils.

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3
Q

What is the cell membrane of a muscle cell called?

A

Sarcolemma

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4
Q

What is the cytoplasm of a muscle cell called?

A

Sarcoplasm

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5
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell called?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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6
Q

Myofibrils are made of which 2 proteins?

A

Actin
Myosin

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7
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

A section of myofibril.

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8
Q

What is the Z line?

A

Where the sarcomere ends.

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9
Q

What is the Z line made of?

A

Actin only

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10
Q

What is the M line?

A

The middle of the sarcomere

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11
Q

What is the M line made of?

A

Myosin only

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12
Q

Where is the H zone?

A

The whole region of muscle fibre containing myosin only.

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13
Q

What are I bands?
What is another name for I bands?

A

Sections of the sacromere containing actin only. Also known as the light band.

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14
Q

What are A bands?
What are A bands also known as?

A

Sections of the sarcomere containing both actin and myosin.
Also known as the dark band.

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15
Q

Compare the thickness of actin with myosin.

A

Actin is thinner, myosin is thicker.

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16
Q

What is tropomyosin?

A

Thin threads wound around actin filaments.

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17
Q

State what happens to the H zone, I band, A band and Z lines during muscle contraction.

A

H zones shorten
I band shortens
A band stays the same
Z lines become closer

18
Q

Name the theory used to describe muscle contraction.

A

Sliding filament theory.

19
Q

During muscle contraction, action potential causes the release of what ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
These ions are released using which transport process?

A

Ca2+ Released using active transport

20
Q

During muscle contraction, Ca 2+ released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum diffuses through where?
Where do the ions reach?

A

Ca 2+ diffuses through the sarcoplasm to the myofibril.

21
Q

During muscle contraction, calcium ions bind to what protein?

A

Tropomyosin

22
Q

During muscle contraction, binding of Ca 2+ to tropomyosin causes it do what?
What is now exposed by the tropomyosin?

A

Binding of calcium ions to tropomyosin causes it to move and change shape.
This leads to the myosin binding site on the actin becoming exposed.

23
Q

During muscle contraction, what biomolecule is attached to the myosin heads?

A

ADP

24
Q

During muscle contraction, how does the actin attach to the myosin?
What biomolecule is required for this process?

A

Myosin heads attach to binding sites forming a crossbridge. This requires ADP.

25
Q

Describe the movement of actin and myosin during muscle contraction.

A

Myosin heads pull and slide along actin.

26
Q

During muscle contraction, how is the crossbridge between actin and myosin broken.

A

Binding of ATP to myosin head causes it to detach from the actin binding site.

27
Q

During muscle contraction, how do the myosin heads return to their original position?
(hydrolysis of what substance)

A

ATP is hydrolysed by ATPase, releasing energy for the myosin heads to return to their original position.

28
Q

During muscle contraction, ATPase is activated by what ions?

A

Ca 2+

29
Q

After the actin/myosin cross bridge has been broken, what occurs further along the actin?

A

Myosin reattaches to a different binding site.

30
Q

What are slow twitch muscle fibres adapted to?
Give an example of an activity requiring slow twitch fibres.

A

Sustained muscle contraction (endurance).
Eg: long distance running

31
Q

Why do slow twitch fibres contain lots of myoglobin?

A

To store large amounts of oxygen for aerobic respiration.

32
Q

Why do slow twitch fibres contain lots of mitochondria?

A

Allows for high rate of respiration.

33
Q

Why do slow twitch fibres contain lots of capillaries?
How does this prevent muscle fatigue?

A

Decrease diffusion pathway and increase surface area, providing a high supply of oxygen and glucose for aerobic respiration.
This reduces the need for anaerobic respiration to occur, stopping lactic acid build up and muscle fatigue.

34
Q

What are fast twitch fibres adapted to?
Give an example of an activity that would require them.

A

Adapted for intense, short periods of rapid muscle contraction.
For example, sprinting.

35
Q

Why are fast twitch muscles adapted for anaerobic respiration?

A

To produce ATP and release energy rapidly.

36
Q

Why do fast twitch fibres have low levels of myoglobin?

A

The muscles typically respire anaerobically so large stores of oxygen are not required.

37
Q

Why do fast twitch muscles contain large amounts of glycogen?
Why is this inefficient? Link this to ATP production in glycolysis.

A

This can be hydrolysed to glucose, which used in glycolysis.
Glycolysis only yields 2 ATP, which is inefficient

38
Q

Explain how the rate of anaerobic respiration is increased in fast twitch muscles.

A

High concentration of enzymes used in anaerobic respiration in the cytoplasm

39
Q

What is the benefit of fast twitch fibres containing large stores of phosphocreatine?
Name the process this molecule is involved in.

A

It can rapidly generate ATP from ATP by providing a phosphate. (phosphorylation)

40
Q

Why do fast twitch muscles become fatigued more quickly?

A

They store high amounts of lactate.

41
Q

Where is phosphocreatine stored in muscles?

A

Inside muscle cells.

42
Q

What type of exercise is phosphocreatine used in?

A

Short bursts of vigorous exercise.

6: Response and Homeostasis (11 decks)

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