Muscle & Locomotor System Diseases Flashcards
Covers osteoporosis, arthritis, muscular dystrophy, and related conditions
What is osteoporosis?
A systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration, leading to increased fracture risk.
What are the two main types of osteoporosis?
1) Primary osteoporosis – Age-related (postmenopausal, senile).
2) Secondary osteoporosis – Due to chronic diseases, medications (e.g., corticosteroids, malabsorption syndromes).
What are the risk factors for osteoporosis?
- Non-modifiable: Aging, female sex, family history.
- Modifiable: Low calcium/vitamin D, smoking, alcohol, inactivity.
What are the most common fractures in osteoporosis?
Vertebral compression fractures,
hip fractures,
distal radius (Colles’) fractures.
How is osteoporosis diagnosed?
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA scan) with a T-score ≤ -2.5.
What is the treatment for osteoporosis?
Bisphosphonates (e.g., alendronate),
calcium + vitamin D,
weight-bearing exercise,
fall prevention.
What is osteoarthritis (OA)?
A degenerative joint disease causing cartilage breakdown, leading to pain, stiffness, and loss of function.
What are the risk factors for osteoarthritis OA?
Aging,
obesity,
joint overuse (mechanical stress),
genetics.
How does osteoarthritis present clinically?
Joint pain worsened with activity, morning stiffness <30 min, crepitus, asymmetrical joint involvement.
What is rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?
A chronic autoimmune disease causing synovial inflammation, leading to joint destruction, systemic symptoms.
How does rheumatoid arthritis (RA) differ from osteoarthritis (OA)
RA: Autoimmune, symmetrical polyarthritis, systemic symptoms, morning stiffness >1 hour.
OA: Mechanical wear and tear, asymmetrical joint involvement, brief morning stiffness.
What is the treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?
DMARDs (methotrexate),
NSAIDs,
corticosteroids,
biologics (TNF inhibitors).
What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)?
A genetic X-linked recessive disorder caused by a mutation in the dystrophin gene, leading to progressive muscle weakness.
What are key clinical signs of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)?
- Gower’s sign (difficulty rising from the floor).
- Pseudohypertrophy of calves.
- Proximal muscle weakness (before distal involvement).
How does Becker muscular dystrophy differ from Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)?
DMD: Severe, early onset (before age 5), rapid progression.
Becker MD: Milder, later onset, slower progression.
What is the treatment for muscular dystrophy?
Corticosteroids,
physical therapy,
supportive care.
