Muscle

Question 1

Rome et al. 1988

Answer 1

• Slow muscle fibres are used at slow speeds where they are most effective whereas fast speeds are used at fast speeds when quick response is required as the slow fibres cannot produce enough power on their own.

Question 2

Bieweiner et al. 1999

Answer 2

• Look at how muscoskeletal system responds to varying conditions:
o Mechanical function shifts, turkeys running on flat use isometric contractions but use shortening contractions when running uphill.
o Proficiency is sacrificed, in ducks their terrestrial locomotion capacity is restrained by their ability to paddle in water (webbed feet)
o Muscles are recruited differently, eels recruit different muscles at different times when performing terrestrial or aquatic locomotion.

Question 3

Daley and Bieweinner. 2003.

Answer 3

• Incline vs level running of guinea fowl
• Muscles change the way they function AND different muscles in the limb are activated differently when performing different mechanical function.
. used a tendon buckle force transducer

Question 4

Gabaldon et al. 2004.

Answer 4

• Ankle extensors of wild turkeys on inclined and declined treadmills
• Single muscles can shift their mechanical function from net production (inclined running) to net absorption (declined running) of mechanical work.

Question 5

Hoyt et al. 2005.

Answer 5

• Horses running at different speeds on a flat treadmill.

* Strain rate and strain of triceps and vastus increases with speed.

Question 6

Mcgowen et al. 2005.

Answer 6

• Mostly ankle but also hip modulate work during acceleration and deceleration in wallabies.
• Having thin tendons favouring elastic energy storage doesn’t hinder wallaby’s ability to accelerate.

Question 7

Wickler et al. 2005.

Answer 7

• Incline and decline running of horses
• Strain rate of triceps and vastus (the main extensors of the horses limbs) increased incline indicating that more power is produced. Which is expected because more power is required for these activities.

Question 8

Kulmala et al. 2016.

Answer 8

• In humans the ankle operates at a higher percentage of its maximal capacity than the knee in walking running and sprinting with reference to hopping (not sure why this is relevant).
• Knee and ankle muscles are responsible for locomotion in humans.