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EXAM 2 - Anatomical Sciences > Muscle > Flashcards

Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of contraction

A

Generation of force that can be translated into movement of body parts

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2
Q

Which type(s) of muscle are under voluntary control

A

Skeletal

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3
Q

Which type(s) of muscle are under involuntary control

A

Smooth, cardiac

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4
Q

Where do most muscles derive from

A

Mesoderm

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5
Q

What structures do somites give rise to

A

Sclerotomes, dermomyotomes

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6
Q

What to sclerotomes form

A

Vertebrae and ribs

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7
Q

What do dermatome cells form

A

Dermis of skin

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8
Q

What do myotomes form

A

Skeletal muscles

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9
Q

______ migrate and fuse to form mature skeletal muscles cells

A

Myoblasts

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10
Q

What are mature skeletal muscle cells called

A

Myotubes, myofiberss, extrafusal fibers

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11
Q

Which muscle cells can be multinucleated

A

Skeletal, cardiac

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12
Q

What are satellite cells

A

Progenitor cells responsible for growth and limited muscle cell repair

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13
Q

In Skeletal muscle, individual myofibers are surrounded by ______ which is ______

A

Endomysium, CT

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14
Q

In skeletal muscle, groups of myofibers are bundled together into _____ surrounded by ____

A

Fascicles, perimysium

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15
Q

All fascicles together are surrounded by ____ which is continuous with _____ that bind muscle to bone
What type of CT is this?

A

Epimysium, tendons
Dense regular

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16
Q

How can we tell it’s skeletal muscle in cross sections?

A

Multiple peripherally located nuclei
Abundant capillaries

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17
Q

________ span the length of the cell and are composed of repeating sarcomeres

A

Myofibrils

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18
Q

Sarcomeres consist of proteins called _____ organized in an overlapping fashion

A

Myofilaments

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19
Q

What are sarcomeres?
What are they composed of?

A

Contractile unit of skeletal muscle
Myofilaments: actin(thin) & myosin (thick)

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20
Q

What type of Myofilaments are present in the I band?

A

Actin only

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21
Q

What type of Myofilaments are present in the A band?

A

Actin and myosin

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22
Q

The I band is bisected by the _______, which anchors ______ in place

A

Z disc, actin (thin)

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23
Q

One sarcomere extends from _____ to ____

A

Z disc to Z disc

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24
Q

During contraction, what is formed when myosin heads bind to actin? (Skeletal)

A

Cross bridges

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25
Q

During which state are myosin and actin overlapping in the sarcomere?

A

Contracted

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26
Q

Neurons in spinal cord have long processes called ____ that synapse with muscle fibers at the _____

A

Axons, neuromuscular junction

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27
Q

Nerve impulse in SK muscle triggers the release of _____ at the neuromuscular junction, which stimulates receptors in the ______

A

ACh , sarcolemma (PM of muscle cell)

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28
Q

How do all sarcomeres contract simultaneously?

A

SR and Ttubules

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29
Q

What purpose does the sarcoplasmic reticulum serve?

A

Reservoir for Ca2+

30
Q

What is a Transverse tubules and how does it relate to contraction of SK muscle?

A

Infoldings of the sarcolemma
Stimulation of ttubule membrane by nerve impulses triggers muscle contraction

31
Q

What is a triad? Where is it located on the sarcomere?

A

One T tubule surrounded by two terminal cisternae of the SR
At A-I junction

32
Q

Where does the impulse travel after stimulating receptors in the sarcolemma?
Where is Ca2+ released?

A

T tubules
From the terminal cisternae

33
Q

Why can’t myosin bind to actin during muscle relaxation?
What proteins cover?
What proteins uncover?

A

Actin binding sites are covered
Tropomyosin covers
Troponin uncovers (when bound to Ca2+)

34
Q

As all sarcomeres contract, ____ shorten and pull on ____ and ____

A

Myofibers, tendon, bone

35
Q

Contraction happens when ___ gets hydrolyzed to ____
This happens first when _____________

A

ATP, ADP
Myosin head bind

36
Q

Why does rigor mortis happen?

A

Muscles stay locked because no ATP is being produced to release contraction of muscle

37
Q

Type 1 myofibers have a ___ rate of contraction, ____ force, fatigue _____, and use ____respiration.
What is the function of these fibers?
What is another name for these fibers?

A

Slow, low, slowly, aerobic
Posture, distance running
Slow oxidative

38
Q

Type 2A myofibers have a ___ rate of contraction, ____ force, fatigue _____, and use ____respiration.
What is the function of these fibers?
What’s another name for these fibers?

A

Fast, medium, medium , aerobic or anaerobic
Jogging moderate distances
Fast oxidative-glycolytic

39
Q

Type 2B myofibers have a ___ rate of contraction, ____ force, fatigue _____, and use ____respiration.
What is the function of these fibers?
What’s another name for these fibers?

A

Fast, powerful, quickly, anaerobic
Sprinting, jumping, powerlifting
Fast glycolytic

40
Q

How can muscles adapt to changing demands?

A

Changing fiber composition or increasing in size

41
Q

What structures contribute to proprioception? How?

A

Muscle spindles (detect muscle length), golgi tendon organs (detect tension on muscles)

42
Q

How to muscle spindles send signals to brain?

A

Intramural muscle fibers have nerve fibers that wrap around them
When muscle is stretched, intramural fivers are passively stretched and enwrapped nerves are stimulated

43
Q

What are the muscle cells found in the myocardium of the heart wall?

A

Cardiomyocytes

44
Q

How is contraction of the heart muscle stimulated?

A

Without direct stim from nervous system
Cardiac conducting cells in the sinoatrial node, then transmitted through the structures of the heart conduction system

45
Q

What are the structures in the heart conduction system?

A

Purkinje fibers (fat cells) & gap junctions

46
Q

How do Purkinje fibers transmit stimulus?

A

Transmit contractile impulses to some cardiomyocytes

47
Q

What allows for propagation of the signal in the heart?

A

Gap junctions

48
Q

How are cardiac muscle cells similar to skeletal muscle (appearance?

A

Endomysium, perimysium, epimysium
Straitions
Can be multinucleated

49
Q

How are cardiac muscles different from skeletal muscle cells in appearance?

A

Shorter, branched cells
Central nuclei
Intercalated discs

50
Q

What are intercalated discs?

A

Junctions between cardiac myocytes that mechanically link cells and allow for electrochemical communication
Provide insertion site for sarcomere*

51
Q

What main junctions make up intercalated discs?

A

Desmosomes, fascia adherens, gap junctions

52
Q

What are the purpose of desmosomes in intercalated discs?

A

Mechanically link cells
Helps resist strain during regular contractions

53
Q

What are the purposes of fascia adherens in intercalated discs?

A

Holds cells together at their ends
Forms a larger functional muscle fiber
Inversion point for thin filaments of sarcomere

54
Q

What are the purposes of gap junctions in the intercalated discs?

A

Electrochemically couple cells
Permits ions and small molecules to pass from one cell to another —- allows many cells to contract simultaneously

55
Q

Although Cardiac muscle contracts similarly to skeletal muscle, what are the differences?

A

Organization differences
SR and Ttubules from diads (not triads) the Z disc instead of the AI junction (like in skeletal)

56
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

Blood vessels, airways, intestines, stomach, uterus

57
Q

How is smooth muscle controlled?

A

Hormones or stimulation by the automatic nervous system

58
Q

What are the characteristics of smooth muscle cells?

A

Sheets of spindle shaped cells, no clear borders
Thin Endomysium around ind. cells, no epi/peri
One central nucleus
No striations

59
Q

What do dense bodies do?

A

Attach to the PM
Insertion site for actin fil (similar to Z disc)
Insertion site for IF of the cytoplasm
Junctions like gap & desmosomes

60
Q

Do smooth muscles have T tubules?
Where does the Ca2+ concentrate?

A

No, infoldings of the PM (caveolae)

61
Q

What proteins uncover actin binding sites in smooth muscle?

A

Caldesmon and calponin

62
Q

What is the role of dense bodies in contraction of smooth muscle?

A

When filaments slide past each other, dense bodies get pulled
They then pull the PM and cytoskeleton, causing the whole cell to contract and twist

63
Q

What does it mean to have a single unit contraction ?
What organs would use this?

A

Many cells activated by only one or two nerve fibers
Hollow organs like stomach

64
Q

What are varicosities ? What do they serve the same purpose of and how are they different

A

Wider synapses instead of neuromuscular junction

65
Q

What is a multi unit contraction?
What organs would utilize?

A

Muscle cells are innervated individually
Small, individual muscles like erector pili muscle in skin

66
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Replacing damaged cells via mitosis

67
Q

What is hypertrophy?
What cells do this?

A

Increasing in size by increasing protein synthesis or adding organelles
Cells that are unable to divide

68
Q

Cells that undergo _____ are better at regeneration and repair

A

Hyperplasia

69
Q

Smooth muscle cells can undergo ____ when they are damaged

A

Hyperplasia

70
Q

Skeletal muscles can only undergo _____
Why?
What other cells assist in repair?

A

Hypertrophy
Myofibers cannot do mitosis
Satellite cels fuse with damaged myofibers

71
Q

Cardiomyoctyes undergo ______
Why?
What can replace damaged cardiomyoctyes ?

A

Hypertrophy
Cardiomyocytes cannot do mitosis and little evidence of stem cell population
Fibroblasts and connective tissue

EXAM 2 - Anatomical Sciences (4 decks)

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