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MUSC > MUSC > Flashcards

MUSC Flashcards

1
Q

What part of rock was most appealing to fans? Give some examples.

A

-Rebellious image of rock is appealing to fans.

ex:

  • elvis dance moves
  • beatles ugly hair
  • challenging cultural values
  • Parents hated these things, but kids loved it
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2
Q

What years were considered to be the “first wave” of rock?

A

1954-1959

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3
Q

What artists were central to rock movement?

(Hint: 7)

A
  • Elvis Presley
  • Beatles
  • Rolling Stones
  • Jimi Hendrix,
  • Led Zepplin,
  • The police
  • U2
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4
Q

What was considered to be the “New wave” of rock and what happened to punks bands after it hit?

A

“New wave” = American punk style that was received in the spotlight after 1978

-In 1980s, some punk bands embraced commercial strategies of rock mainstream, some stayed underground as “die-hard punk”

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5
Q

What was considered to be the first “rock and roll” song? What year was it make?

A

“Rocket 88” (1951) by Jackie Brenston and His Delta cats.

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6
Q

What is simple verse?

Give an example of a song with simple verse.

A

A form that employs only verses and repeats them.

ex. Rocket 88

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7
Q

What is rhythm?

A

The way musical sounds are organized in time.

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8
Q

Most musical styles do not work in the constraint of small formal types. True or False?

A

False. Most musical styles DO work in the constraint of small formal types.

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9
Q

What is a beat?

A

A regular rhythmic pulse.

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10
Q

Measures contain beats, this way of organizing music is called a ________.

A

Measures contain beats, this way of organizing music is called a METER.

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11
Q

What is the difference between a simple beat and a compound beat?

A

Simple beat= beat is divided equally into 2 parts

compound beat= beat is divided into 3 parts

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12
Q

What is 12-bar blues and where is it found?

A

12-bar blues is a style with 12 four beat measures.

-It’s found in rhythm & blues, rock & roll, and some jazz

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13
Q

What is so distinctive about 12-bar blues?

A
  • It is distinctive b/c of how measures fall into 3 groups of 4 (style of question-question-answer).
  • Structures of these songs is often reused with the addition of instrumental solos or different lyrics
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14
Q

What is the doo-wop style?

A

Doo-wop is a series of chords: I-vi-IV-V

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15
Q

The AABA form was mostly associated with what before the birth of rock and roll?

A

The AABA form was mostly associated with mainstream pop before the birth of rock and roll.

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16
Q

What is the most common way to find AABA form? Give an example of a song with AABA form.

A
  • Commonly found in Tin Pan Alley songs

- Most common form: 32-bar pattern (4 eight bar schemes)

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17
Q

What is the difference between a full reprise and a partial reprise?

A

Full reprise: entire AABA form is repeated

Partial reprise: part of AABA form is repeated

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18
Q

What is contrasting verse-chorus?

A

Verses & choruses of a song use different music.

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19
Q

What are the 4 main types of song forms in rock and roll? Give a brief description of each.

A
  1. Simple verse: All verses based on the same music, no chorus.
  2. Simple verse-chorus: Verses and choruses based on the same music.
  3. Contrasting verse-chorus: Verses and choruses based on different music.
  4. AABA: Verses and bridge based on different music: can employ full or partial reprise.

*All forms may have bridge but AABA is more likely.

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20
Q

What is the rhythm section of a song meant to do?

A

Rhythm section is meant to establish solid foundation for singers, instrumental soloists, & other members of the group that focus on melody.

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21
Q

In rock music, who keeps the heart of the rhythm and what do they need to do?

A

Drummer is the heart of the rhythm.

-Needs to keep tempo & meter, & create the “feel” of the song.

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22
Q

What are different types of drums used in rock?

A
  • Snare drum
  • Bass drum
  • High hat
  • some have Tom-tom

*Note: should know what they look like/ how to play

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23
Q

How can a drumset be enhanced? Give some examples.

A

Drumset can be enhanced by the addition of percussion instruments.
ex. tambourine, cowbell, conga drums

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24
Q

What is the job of the bass player?

A

Bass player needs to “lock in” rhythmically with the drummer, and provide important base notes for the chord progressions

-Bass player provides a bridge between rhythm and harmonic (chord-based) music.

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25
Q

What kind of bass do bass players use in rock?

A

Early rock: acoustic upright bass

1960s+: start using electric bass guitar

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26
Q

What is the job of the rhythm guitar player?

A

Rhythm guitar player fleshes out harmonic dimensions of a song by playing full chords.

-This guitar can be acoustic or electric

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27
Q

In the 1950s, the acoustic rhythm guitar could replace the drum and provide the rhythmic propulsion that drives a song forward. True or False?

A

True.

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28
Q

What is the role of the singer?

A

Singer focuses on melodic dimensions of the music

-Singer role: create melodic interest and deliver lyrics convincingly.

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29
Q

How can the singer give a nice contrast to the highly structured grid of the rhythm section?

A

The singer can sometimes be free with the rhythmic placement of melody notes which can give a nice contrast to the highly structured grid of the rhythm section.

30
Q

Backup vocals are usually coordinated with ______ to avoid conflict between parts.

A

Backup vocals are usually coordinated with RHYTHM SECTION to avoid conflict between parts.

31
Q

What is the role of the instrumental solo?

A
  • to create contrast in arrangements just past midpoint of a song.
  • takes place of the singer by becoming the central focus.
32
Q

What are the roles of horns and strings in a song?

A

Horns and strings are added as finishing touches to a song.

Horns–> adds “punch”
-ex. trumpet, trombone, saxophone

strings –> give “lift”
- usually at the end of a song, and are more elegant

33
Q

What is “sonic signature”?

A

A feature that distinguishes a recording in terms of where, when, and by who they were recorded.

34
Q

What are the two principles of recording?

A
  1. Audio snapshot
    - try to sound as much as live performance as possible
    - often used in jazz and folk music
  2. Exploiting studio tools
    - using tools and techniques that would be difficult to recreate in a live performance.
35
Q

What is the main attraction of reverb and echo?

A

Try to get the right sound of a recording by using a mix of hard and soft surfaces to reflect/ absorb certain sounds.
-Reverb and echo often mask imperfections

36
Q

What is reverb?

A
  • Artificial creation of a room sound via an electronic device.
  • used in almost all rock songs

*Often use “dry recording” then run it through the reverb device.

37
Q

What is echo?

A

-When sound bounches off a surface back to our ears to create two sonic images of the same event (we hear the original then the reflection)

  • can be created artificially
  • often used on voices in rock?
38
Q

What was the first studio that had their own echo chamber?

A

Gold Star Studio.

39
Q

How is equalization used?

A

Equalization is used by placing subtle higher notes on top of an instrument to form the tone or timbre of the instrument.

40
Q

How does equalization result in a more refined sound?

A

It helps highlight certain instruments & keeps instruments in a certain range to prevent covering each other up, by balancing frequencies.

41
Q

What is monographic sound? Who was a successful producer in mono?

A
  • When there is only 1 speaker for playback, no stereo imaging.
  • Successful producer in mono = Phil Spector
42
Q

What is stereo sound? How does it affect sounds?

A
  • Aural illusion that we construct as a result of how we hear.
  • This technique separates sounds so we can hear them in more detail.

*1960s –> stereo is most common form for albums on FM.
Mid 1970s –> complex stereo mixes were more common.

43
Q

What is a mixing board used for?

A

-Used for recording sound and playing recording back.

44
Q

Before the 1960s, popular music was only recorded using a single track. How did that change later on with better technology?

A

Engineers started to experiment with multi-track tapes.

45
Q

Once all the tracks are recorded the engineer is ready to “mix down”. What does this mean?

A

“Mixing down” means they will adjust the EQ, stereo placement, and relative volume of each track to produce the final version of the song.

46
Q

What kind of shows played a lot of real-time performances of rock concerts? To whom where they oriented?

A

Variety shows; important: Ed Sullivan Show (The Toast of the Town)

  • Often marketed to adults
  • 1950s–> was popular as teen-oriented dance programs
  • 1970s –> disco oriented
47
Q

Many rock performances have been featured in motion pictures from the beginning. How were rock fans often characterized in these movies?

A

-Often characterized as “hoodlums”.

48
Q

What/ who pushed rock and roll into Hollywood?

A
  • Elvis signed with RCA and filmed many musical performaces, which pushed rock and roll into Hollywood.
  • Most movies were 1960s “Beach party films” with Annette Funicello and Frankie Avalon.
  • 1978: “KISS meets the phantom of the park” –> featured KISS and had really bad acting
  • 1979: “Rock & roll high school” –> featured The Ramones
49
Q

Music videos started in the 1960s and were more popular in America than in Europe. True or False?

A

False. They were more popular in Europe than in America.

50
Q

Why did the Beatles originally start making music videos and what were they called at the time?

A

Music videos, originally called “promo videos” were used to promote their music when they stopped doing tours.

51
Q

What were the events during 1920s-1940s that shaped and took a toll on American culture?

A
  • WWI
  • Market crash 1929 (“Black Tuesday”)
  • WWII
52
Q

When WWI ended, America felt fear and relief, what did this lead to?

A

This lead to recklessness–> music of the 20s was dominant and rebellious.

53
Q

What is a flapper?

A

-Young, single woman who would sing and dance alongside male counterparts (1920s)

54
Q

How did Franklin Roosevelt (1932) create jobs and contribute to the arts?

A
  • Created jobs by improving nation’s roads, bridges, tunnels, forests, & national parks.
  • Created Works Progress Administration which contributed to the arts
55
Q

How did Elvis build himself up as the central figure in rock and roll (1955)?

A

Elvis had incident on Milton Berle’s show where he was grinding his hips during a performance. There was a lot of controversy when he later appeared on Ed Sullivan’s Sunday Show.
-This controversy built Elvis up.

56
Q

Rock and Roll erupted in 1955 and 56 without a gradual build-up. True or False?

A

True.

57
Q

When was the golden age of motion pictures?

A

1930s & 40s.

Hollywood created a wide variety of films played across America.

58
Q

What caused the start of the national entertainment culture?

A
  1. The golden age of motion pictures

2. National radio

59
Q

What was radio originally built for and how was it changed for the music world?

A
  • Originally used for military communication across ships (end of 1800s)
  • Early radios allowed people to enjoy music that would otherwise be unavailable to them for the first time ever.
60
Q

What blurred regional boundaries in pop culture?

A
  • The radio.
  • Important: some styles became national, others kept regional identities because network programming decided what they played (usually music for middle class white people).
61
Q

What were the two ways of getting radio into every home of America? Give some brief points about each.

A
  1. Broadcast radio via high-power transmitter
    - reached listeners hundreds of miles away
    - government only licenced a few stations
    - ^created “X-stations” –> transmitters in Mexico near the boarder to the states so that transmissions could still reach most of America
  2. Link local & regional stations to form a network.
    - NBC used telephone lines to link up 69 stations for coast-to-coast broadcast in 1928
62
Q

What was the advantage of linking local and regional stations to form a network?

A
  • Programming ran off of central location
  • It could be possible to run live programming from affiliate stations; this allowed a range of programming to chose from
63
Q

Why was it unethical to play records on air before 1945?

A

It was thought that if you played a record, you were trying to fool people into believing it was a live performance.

64
Q

Network programming offered listeners a variety of entertainment to listen to, not just music. True or False?

A

True.

65
Q

What were some popular programs on the radio throughout the 1930s and 40s?

A

“The Guiding Light”, “The Lone Ranger”, “Superman” kept audiences entertained.

“Amos ‘n’ Andy” (premiered in 1929) was the greatest success of the era.
-Had racial stereotypes that would not be acceptable today.

66
Q

What was the biggest advantage of the radio for artists?

A

It allowed songs to get popular very quickly.

67
Q

In the 1940s, audience moved from radio –> television. Who was David Sarnoff and how did he have a role in this transition?

A

David Sarnoff was a key player in the development of radio; he led Radio Corporation of America (RCA).
In the 1940s, he redirected his sources to television.

68
Q

When did recording stapes start being used and what kind of tapes were they?

A

Recording tapes started being used in 1940s.
-Mostly magnetic-tapes (cassettes & reel-to-reel formats)

*This technology was first used in WWII by German soldiers for military communications.

69
Q

Most radio programs preceding 1945 are lost forever unless they’re preserved on 16-inch discs. True or False?

A

True.

70
Q

What was the main way to sell music in the early 20th century? Who was the main business selling this music?

A
  • Sheet music was the primary way to sell music.

- “Tin Pan Alley” was the sheet music business in a concentrated area of NYC.

71
Q

Give a brief description of Tin Pan Alley songs.

A

Tin Pan Alley songs follow a standard, very flexible, formal pattern. (Sectional verse-chorus format)

  • sectional chorus (AABA form) is recognized by listeners
  • The sectional verse is introduction that sets scene for the song
72
Q

What were the basic unit of trade for rock vs. Tin Pan Alley?

A

Rock = recorded performances
Tin Pan Alley = actual song (sheet music)
- if the song was played by multiple artists, songwriter and publisher got a lot of money

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