Muntlig eksamen begreper Flashcards by Anne Røiseland

Lexical words

Content words, which indicates that such words are the most central words for the meaning of sentences. . Open classes. Unlimited numbers of members.

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Function words

Words which have a supporting role. Don`t carry much meaning, grammatical markers, contribute (=bidrar til ) to the structure of phrases and clauses. Closed classes. Limited numbers of members.

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Examples of nouns

Grandmother, house, iron, happiness, Tim, York

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Examples of verbs (lexical)

be, have, go, walk, laugh, resemble

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Examples of adjectives

old, happy, interesting, wonderful, industrious,

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Examples of Adverb

Happily, well, very, however, already, here, fortunately, surely, maybe

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What is nouns?

Nouns are “naming words” for things, people, ideas, institutions, places, etc.

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What kinds of nouns do we have?

Commom nouns and proper nouns

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Examples of common nouns

Things, ideas, etc.

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Examples of proper nouns

People, places, institutions, etc.They are spelled with a capital letter.

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What is special with common nouns?

Most common nouns can occur with a or the in front of them.

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What is important to remember about a singular noun?

A singular noun has no particular ending.

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What is important to remember about plural nouns?

Most plural nouns end in -(e)s (car-cars)

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What is verbs?

Most verbs are “doing words” that describes actions or activities, can also describe states and relations.

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What about the group of lexical verbs?

The group of lexical verbs does not include the auxillaries

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What can the base form (the infinitive form) of verb have?

The base form of verb can have the infinitive marker to in font of it.

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What requires a verb verb in 3rd person singular, present tense?

A verb requires an s-in 3rd person singular, present tense: He walks home.

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What requires the most verbs in the past tense?

For most verbs, -ed is added in the past tense (walk-walked)

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What are adjectives?

Adjectives are “descriptive words” that refers to qualities and characteristic of people or things. They can be compared with, -er and -est or more and most and they occur with nouns.

Which endings are typical for adjectives?

-y, -ic, -ish and -ous

What are adverbs?

“Descriptive words” that occur with and describe verbs, adjectives or other adverbs, serve as “connecting words”, refer to time, place, manner, degree, or refer to viewpoint, truth or certainy. Adverbs can be compared with -er and -est or more and most. Some adverbs are formed by adding the ending -ly to adjectives.

What is function words?

Pronouns, determiners, preporsitions, conjunctions (coordinating and subordinating), auxiliaries, the infinitive marker to and the existential there. Function words contain a a limited number of items.

What kind of business is grammar?

Grammar is the business of taking a language to pieces, to see how it works!

How can grammar be helpful in language learning and teaching?

Aim: to build skills in listening, speaking, reading, writing.

What is language?

Language is a code for communication, shared between its speakers.

What is grammar?

Grammar puts structure on the meaning that you want to express.

Say something about grammatical conscepts.

Grammatical concepts, and their terms, are a tool for discribing languages. Grammar is a language about language.

How is language as a system?

Language as a system: A hierachy of levels, each constructed by smaller units.

What is word?

The smallest language unit that can be used independently in speech or writing. Examples: fresh fruit.

What is clause?

A verb combined with one or more phrases.

Main clause

Main clause can function alone as a complete sentence: This is fresh fruit.

Dependent clause

Dependent clause can not be a sentence on its own. In the complete sentence : I think that this is fresh fruit there is a dependent clause: that this is fresh fruit.

What is a sentence?

A sentence is a main clause, or a combination of clauses.

What is a text?

Text is on or more sentences, or phrases.

What is the grammar of a language?

The grammar of a language represents a set of instructions for combining smaller units into larger ones.

What does each level of the grammar of a language has?

Each level of a language has an inventory(=inventar) of units which combine into larger units.

In which way is grammar a two-sided concept?

The set of rules that the speaker follows, unconsciously, (=ubevisst)when using the language and a description of these rules.

What is the importansce of language use?

Grammatical descriptions of a language need to be tested against authentic texts.

What is Corpus?

A large database of text prepared for linguistic investigations(=språklig forskning) Written text corpora and speech corpora. Corpus shows how a language is used-typical language behavior, such as possible word combinations. E.g.: British national Corpus, Corpus of contemporary American English. http://corpus.byu.edu/

What is text corpora?

Text corpora have become the most important testbeds for grammars.

Open lexical word classes: unlimited

1. Nouns. 2.Verbs 3.Adjectives 4.Adverb

Closed classes of function words: limited

1. Pronouns 2. Determiners 3.Preporsitions 4. Conjuctions 5.Auxillaries 6.The infinitive marker to 7. Existential there

What can be head of a noun phrase?

Both nouns and pronouns can be the head of a noun phrase:Pronoun she can function as a noun phrase where she is the head.

Tell something about pronouns.

Pronouns point to noun phrases. Pronoun instead of a noun. While nouns express lexical meaning, pronouns express grammatical meaning: She kissed him.

Auxiliaries verbs.

Have, be, may, can, would.

What is the important differences between lexical verbs and auxiliary verbs?

Only lexical verbs can be verb phrase heads, or main verbs. Auxiliary verbs can never be verb phrase heads. But some