Munta Flashcards
What different types of routing choices are there?
Shortest Path
Quickest Path
Conditional Path
User Defined Path
Explain Shortest Path
The algorithms searches for the shortest path, does not care about queues.
Explain Quickest Path
The algorithm searches for the quickest path, taking into account queues and such.
Explain Conditional Path
The algorithm takes into account human behaviour theories and fire conditions.
Explain User Defined
Duh!
Explain Behaviour Sequences
Suggests that there is a buffer time until people start to evacuate.
Specifically the phases: Interpret, Prepare, Act.
Simulation types
Fine Network Models
Continious Models
Hybrid Models
Coarse Models
Role-Rule
Suggests that social roles play a big part, for example students look to teachers for how to act if a fire breaks out.
Affiliation Theory
Social Affiliation - People tend to evacuate with their family/Friends
Place Affiliation - Familiar exits, exit the same way you came.
Risk Perception
The theory of risk perception means that everyone perceives risks differently. For example, someone who is a fire safety engineer or a firefighter rather knows that a fire can spread very quickly and that a situation can become dangerous very fast and act accordingly, whereas someone who doesn’t know will act differently.
Social Influence
We are afraid of looking stupid amongst our peers, so we might act conservatively in situations where we might make a fool out of ourselves, e.g The cinema experiment.
What is a Fine Network Model
The population moves between grids with cell sizes.
Faster than hand calculations.
HAS ARCS AND NODES.
Disadvantage:
Fixed cell sizes, 1 cell = 1 person not realistic.
Is a rough approximation, needs to be interpreted.
User decides density = not realistic.
What are Continious Models
The population moves continuously with coordinates and not within grids.
More realistic and less user dependent.
Realistic density.
People of different sizes can be properly modelled.
Disadvantage:
Narrow spaces and counterflows cause problems.
Lots of computing time.
What is FED and FEC?
Fractional effective dose: The additive effects of fire gases was advanced to include consideration of variable exposure time. When the accumulated FED = 1, it is expected that the mixture of gaseous toxicants would be lethal to 50 percent of exposed animals, that is, the LC50.
Integral((C/Ci)*deltat)
Fractional Effective Concentration:
Fractional effective concentration. The sensory/upper respiratory irritant component of toxic hazard is addressed in a somewhat analogous manner, with the exception that instantaneous concentrations, rather than accumulated doses, are used. For irritants, the time at which the total fractional effective concentration (FEC) becomes equal to 1 is the time at which the average person will become incapacitated
Panic
Does not exist, people tend to act altruistically and rationally. Has historically been used as a scapegoat for poor fire safety solutions.
Help in Emergencies
The more people who are present the less individual responsibility people feel.
- Notice the event.
- Interpret the event as an emergency
- Assume responsibility
- Choose appropriate particular course of action
Social Identity Theory
Football sweater example where a guy in the opposite team sweater did not get any help but when in the same team they helped.
What is RSET and ASET
RSET - Required Safe Escape Time - is driven by human behaviour and often determined by an evacuation simulation
ASET - Available Safe Escape Time - is driven by the fire development and determined by a fire simulation
What is Prescriptive Based Design
Design according to certain rule, (Förenklad Dimensionering)
Pro: Less room for interpretation, higher responsibility to regulators.
Con: It assumes prescriptions are safe for all contexts, no flexibility to new materials, “Magic Numbers”
What is Performance Based Design
Make sure that the safety measures are fulfilled (Analytisk Dimensionering)
Pro: Allow for cost savings, Flexible to account for new designs, materials etc.
Con: Higher responsibility to designer, as good as models and model users, Requires knowledge in several fields, Time consuming.
Behavioural Statements
Previous experience of false alarms of frequent drills can reduce sensitivity to alarm signals, inhibiting perception processes.
