Mumbai Case Study Flashcards
Where is Mumbai located?
- Mumbai is located on the western coast of the Maharashtra state in western India, bordering the Arabian Sea
- It is located on a narrow peninsula and is the shortest route for any ship coming from Europe of the Eastern seaboard of USA.
Mumbai has an estimated population of __ million. Mumbai is the ____ largest city in the world.
20; fourth
What is the regional importance of Mumbai?
- Three million people commute from surrounding areas to Mumbai for work.
- The city contributes to 40% of the total income of the whole state of Maharashtra.
- The Hi-tech industry (with call centres, online banking and software development) is growing.
What is the national importance of Mumbai?
- Financial and commercial capital, contributing around US$310 bn to its economy.
- Responsible for 70% of maritime trade in India and 25% of its industrial output.
- Has the highest percentage of internet access (12 million people on 2013)
- Reserve Bank of India and Bombay Stock Exchange are located in Mumbai.
What is the international importance of Mumbai?
- The city has 42 universities, is the Centre of Bollywood and its tourism industry is booming with thousands flocking to the area from all over the globe.
- Accounts for 40% of foreign trade
- Has the largest number of international companies, like GSK and Disney in Asia.
Mumbai is the __th largest city _______ by population.
9th; globally
What are the two major factors that influence growth in Mumbai?
- Natural increase
- Migration
What is natural increase?
When the difference between the birth and death rate in a country, city or region is positive.
How has this caused population growth in Mumbai?
Mumbai has a fertility rate of 2 children per woman.
This means that, the population of Mumbai swells by 5% every year - about 1 million extra people.
What is migration?
Migration is the movement of people, animals, or things from one place to another, often to settle temporarily or permanently in a new location.
___% of migrants come from Maharashtra.
38
How does migration influence population growth in Mumbai?
Each year thousands of people move from rural areas to urban areas - it is caused by push and pull factors.
What are the pull factors that encourage people to move into Mumbai?
- Access to education - schools and universities
- better healthcare - more access to hospitals and dentists
- services such as water, electricity and sewage
- improved job prospects with higher wages
- opportunity to work for public sector and for international agencies in public works
What are the push factors that encourage people to leave rural areas?
- jobs in agriculture have become much harder to find as farming has mechanised + natural hazards and the Green Revolution.
- farming seems to be a job that requires hours of investment with very little pay.
- education and health standards seem to be much lower in rural areas.
_____ growth in Mumbai has brought a range of ______ and economic opportunities.
Urban; social
What social opportunities has urban growth caused in Mumbai?
- Healthcare and education
- Water supply
- Energy
How is healthcare and education an opportunity in Mumbai?
- The city has more hospitals than any other urban area - biggest public medical centre increased from 50 beds to 1400 beds - admits more than 60000 every year.
- 1000 primary and secondary schools in Mumbai. Free education from 6-14. Literacy rates of 89.76%, national average 74.04%.
- 42 universities
How is water supply an opportunity in Mumbai?
Mumbai has a chlorinated central water supply managed by the government.
Bombay High Court ordered the city government to extend access to non- notified slums in December 2014.
How is energy an opportunity in Mumbai?
The city in India with the highest proportion of people with access to internet (12 million)
People have the benefit of living with energy and electricity.
The Global Partnership on Output Based Aid (GPOBA) - completed a project providing 8000 - 10000 dwellers with new or upgraded electricity connections.
How has urban growth created economic opportunities?
- 70% of India’s maritime trade + 33% of all income tax and 60% of all customs duty from trade
- has most of India’s specialised technologies - aerospace, medical research etc.
- rapidly growing population = a demand for goods and services = employment opportunities
- 6% of India’s GDP; 40% of foreign trade; 25% industrial output
- Has many financial institutions like: Bombay Stock Exchange, Reserve Bank of India
- has a port area - creates lots of jobs.
What is the informal economy?
no minimum wage, the workers are unlikely to pay taxes; have no holiday rights and often work in dangerous or hazardous conditions
What is the formal economy?
registered jobs, where workers have to pay taxes to the government + legal obligation to protect workers, offer holidays and pay regular wages.
What opportunities are present in Dharavi slum?
- Mosques to support religious needs
- informal shopping areas to buy anything you need
- pottery area of Dharavi slum has a community centre
- daily chores are done in social circles - builds a sense of community
- 85% of people have a job in the slum, and some have even managed to become billionaires.
Define the following words:
* inequalities
* pollution
* sanitation
* traffic congestion
Inequalities - differences between poverty and wealth - may occur in housing provisions, access to services, safety and security
Pollution - presence of chemicals, noise, dirt or other substances that have a harmful effect on the environment.
Sanitation - measures designed to protect public health, including provision of clean water and the disposal of sewage and waste.
Traffic congestion - too great a volume of traffic for the roads to cope up with.
What major challenge has growth in Mumbai given rise to?
Squatter settlements - which are poorly constructed and overcrowded.
______ is the largest slum/squatter settlement in Mumbai.
Dharavi
What is one of the biggest problems of Dharavi?
A million people crammed into one square mile in Dharavi.
What is the problem new arrivals face?
Newest arrivals settle on the waste land near the water pipes in slum areas. This is a huge problem during the monsoon season, living on this low lying marginal land.
Going into waste land they set up homes not suitable for habitation.
What are the challenging aspects of living in slums?
- Lack of sanitation
- Lack of access to clean water
- Lack of legal rights to the land
- Poor health
- Unemployment and poor quality work
What are the environmental challenges present in slums?
-Water pollution
-Air pollution
-Waste
-Traffic congestion
How is lack of sanitation an issue?
- 500 people share one public toilet latrine
- Children play amongst sewage waste and doctors deal with 4000 cases of diphtheria and typhoid per day
How is lack of access to clean water and issue?
- Few water pipes in the slum - and are only turned on for 2 hours by the city authorities.
- Water pipes can crack and take in sewage and waste causing water pollution
How is lack of legal rights an issue?
- Not a planned settlement - no legal rights to the land
- Crime - 1/3 of population have been a victim of crime and 23% have been a victim of bribery.
How is poor health a cause of these issues?
Life expectancies are low.
Mosquitoes are found in breeding grounds around open sewers - increases risk of cholera and typhoid.
________ and ______________ are also economical issues for people in Mumbai.
Unemployment; Poor quality work
Rag pickers on average get paid £_ a day for their work toiling in the hot sun.
1
How is water pollution an environmental and a social challenge?
- 77% of households suffer from poor water quality + water borne diseases are prevalent.
How is air pollution an environmental issue?
dangerous levels of nitrous oxides + particulate matter - hazardous to human health + can cause asthma.
How is waste pollution an environmental issue?
- Mumbai produces 7500 metric tonnes of waste - despite the 80% recycling rate getting rid of waste is still a major problem.
How is traffic congestion an environmental issue?
- 22 million registered vehicles in Mumbai, that can contribute to both noise + air pollution
-This is despite Mumbai’s well known train system.
What is incremental housing?
a gradual step-by-step process whereby building components are improved as funding, time, or materials become available.
What is slum redevelopment?
Slums are cleared and new homes are built where the infrastructure (water, electricity, sewage, etc.) is installed.
Slum redevelopment is a ___-___ approach.
top down
Incremental housing is a _____-__ approach.
bottom-up
The SRA (_____ ____________ ___________) oversee all slum ____________ projects in India.
Slum Rehabilitation Authority; redevelopment
How do they oversee it?
They have specific requirements that developers have to follow when building new apartments.
How are these redevelopment schemes funded?
By selling off parts of the inner city slums where land is more expensive.
This land is converted into commercial use whereas residential buildings are built further away from the centre, where land is cheaper.
What is another way the slum redevelopment scheme works?
Areas of the slums are cleared and blocks of apartments are built.
Some of these apartments are sold privately whilst the rest are given to slum dwellers.
What happens to the slum dwellers as new buildings are being constructed?
Given money for temporary accommodation (up to 3 years)
