Mumbai Flashcards
Site, situation and connectivity
- Main city of Mumbai lies on an island, by the deep-water estuary of the Ulhas river
- Mumbai’s port has grown around the estuary
- Low lying
- 10km long port - can easily import and export goods due to port access. Large container ships can access Mumbai
- West coast of India - closer to Europe so can easily trade with European countries
- Growth meant the city has spread to the mainland - conurbation
Structure of Mumbai
- Built around the harbour so CBD is NOT at the centre
- Some industrial areas near the port have relocated to places such as Navi Mumbai where land is cheaper
- Wealthy suburbs are all inner-city areas along the harbour and close to the CBD
- Middle income areas are in older parts of the city, further from the CBD
- Low income groups live in chawls - low quality, multi-story buildings
What percentage of people live in slums?
60%
Population
- Population of 16 million by 2015
- By 2050 Mumbai will probably be the worlds largest city
Pattern of spatial growth
- Increasing population meant Mumbai has expanded in size from 68sqkm to 603sqkm
- New suburbs are developing - in 2015 over 1 million people lived in Navi Mumbai
Changing investment and land use
- Commercial capital of India and investment has grown - increasing employment
- Land in Mumbai is more expensive
- Many manufactures that require large amounts of space have relocated further away from the CBD
Growth of Mumbai: Rural-urban migration
- Low skill, low pay jobs and a lack of opportunity in the countryside
- Higher pay jobs, better education (95% literacy rate, 12 universities) and more opportunities in the city
Growth of Mumbai: Natural increase
- Migrants and young
- Migrants stay, settle and start a family
- Natural increase of 1.4% a year - accounts for nearly half of Mumbai’s annual growth
- Lack of access to contraception in slums, low levels of female literacy rates so women cannot read the contraception packets, high infant mortality
Daravi; Mumbai’s largest slum
- Many people work in the informal economy
- Located between 2 railway routes
- Rent is cheap - £2 per month
- Many homes have electricity but it is illegally obtained via hook ups
- Toilets are communal and cost 3 cents to use
- 1 toilet per 625 people
- Up to 10 families may share a flat
- 75% of women suffer anaemia
- 69% literacy rate - below average
Challenges facing Mumbai: Housing shortages and slum development
- City authorities don’t have the money to build housing
- People build their housing on streets or in spare land in slums
- Housing is cramped and poor quality
Challenges facing Mumbai: Water supply and waste disposal
- Running out of water due to global warming
- 60% of Mumbai’s population use communal taps
- Power cuts stop pumps from working
- Water may only run for a few hours each day
- Factories dump waste in the Mithi river
- 80% of waste is recycled - industry is worth $1.5 million and employs 100 000 people
Challenges facing Mumbai: Air pollution and traffic
- 4th most polluted city in 2015
- Too little is spent on infrastructure - 3500 die on the railway each year
Top-down development: Vision Mumbai
- Planned to built 1 millin low-cost homes and reduce slums, improve transport infastructure, improve hygiene and improve air and water quality by reducing pollution
- 325 green spaces
- 300 toilets built
- Daravi would be demolished and land sold to developers
Top-down development: Vision Mumbai - positive impacts
By 2015:
- 200 000 people moved
- 45 000 homes demolished
- Piped water and sewage systems established for new flats
- 72 new trains introduced, platforms raised to prevent people from falling into the gap
- New measures introduced to improve air quality
Top-down development: Vision Mumbai - negative impacts
- Many prefer slum improvement over demolition
- Loss of community
- Rent costs more than in slums (which was £2 a month)
- Small workshops had to move or go out of business
