Mumbai

Question 1

Where is Mumbai located

Answer 1

Mumbai is India’s largest city, located on the west coast of India

Question 2

What is the population of Mumbai

Answer 2

Megacity, with population of 5.9 million in 1971 to 20.7 million in 2016.

Question 3

What is the Mumbai economy

Answer 3

India’s financial centre and a hub of industry and services. It’s home to the popular Bollywood industry.

Question 4

How much tax in India comes from Mumbai

Answer 4

It accounts for 33% of India’s income tax.

Question 5

Economic and Social Wellbeing in Mumbai

Answer 5

-Slums and inequality
-The Urban Rich in contrast
-Education Inequalities (Literacy Rates)
-Lack of Opportunities for Women, leading to prostitution.
-Lack of Public Healthcare
-Mental Health Issues
-Racism towards African Migrants

Question 6

Slums (Inequalities) population

Answer 6

Around 60% of the population live in slums.

Question 7

Living conditions in the slums

Answer 7

Living conditions in slums are poor. Homes are cramped and poorly built, often without water supply or sanitation. Lack of toilet and sewage facilities is a risk to health (e.g. raw sewage spreads disease).

Question 8

The Urban Rich (Inequalities)

Answer 8

-Over a quarter of all India’s millionaires live in Mumbai.

Question 9

What is the most expensive house next to the slums.

Answer 9

The urban rich live close to Mumbai’s CBD, usually in high rise apartments.
e.g. Dharavi Antillia house, a $2 billion house right next to slumbs, with 27 stories for a family of 6

Question 10

Education (Inequalities)

Answer 10

There are also inequalities in education. The literacy rate is around 60% in slums, compared to 90% in city as a whole. Lower for women.

Question 11

Women’s Opportunities in Slums (Inequalities)

Answer 11

-There are few opportunities for women in slum areas.
-With no qualifications, some resort to prostitution to earn a living, leading to higher rates of HIV and other STI’s among poorer communities than in wealthy areas.

Question 12

Healthcare in Slums (Inequalities)

Answer 12

-Around 30% of slum residents have access to public healthcare.
-Outbreaks of disease (e.g. Malaria) are common, and the infant mortality rate is relatively high (26 per 1000).

Question 13

Mental Health (Inequalities)

Answer 13

Psychological problems such as depression are more common in slum areas than in richer areas.

Question 14

Racism (Inequalities)

Answer 14

-Influx of African migrants have experienced racial discrimination, e.g. they struggle to find formal jobs or rent apartments, and are forced to live in slums.

Question 15

Nature and Physical Environment in Mumbai (Environmental Hazards)

Answer 15

-Flooding due to rapid urban growth
-Tropical climate, causing Monsoons
-Mithi River flooded during a Monsoon, killing 400 and leaving thousands homeless
-Limited room due to 4 rivers, leaving floodplains to be built on.
-The Greater Mumbai Disaster Management Action Plan
-Located in a seismically active area, prone to earthquakes and tsunamis.

Question 16

Flooding (Environmental Hazards)

Answer 16

-The city receives regular flooding. Urban growth was mainly to blame for this as the rapid growth has removed many green areas in the city.

Question 17

Greater Mumbai Disaster Management Action Plan (Environmental Hazards)

Answer 17

The Greater Mumbai Disaster Management Action Plan was created to ensure the city has a plan in place to reduce the chances of flooding within the city.

Question 18

Sanitation in slums

Answer 18

Each toilet is shared by over 1,000 residents. Water and electricity is not always available and there are various health and safety issues.

Question 19

Unsustainability of Mumbai

Answer 19

-Lack of adequate sanitation in most slums
-Water supply dependent on monsoon rains
-Road network insufficient
-Increase in owned motor vehicles
-More waste
-HIV/AIDS

Question 20

Increased in Owned Motor Vehicles (Unsustainability)

Answer 20

-Economic growth is leading to the construction of factories and increased car ownership. There are around 450 more vehicles on Mumbai’s roads everyday.
-This is adding to air pollution, and Mumbai regularly suffers from acid rain..

Question 21

Water Supply (Unsustainability)

Answer 21

-Water supply dependent on monsoon rains, and in dry years water has to be strictly rationed.
-As population increases, demand for water grows, which makes this unsustainable in the long term.

Question 22

Road Network (Unsustainability)

Answer 22

-Road network in Mumbai carries millions of cars each day.
-Problems with long journey times, congestion and air pollution, which will only get worse with rising population.

Question 23

More Waste (Unsustainability)

Answer 23

-Increasing population = more waste. This can cause problems.
-For example, in the neighborhood of Chembur, waste on open rubbish dumps is burnt, adding to air pollution.
-This has health impacts on local residents, e.g. 25% deaths in Chembur between 2008 and 2010 were caused by respiratory problems.

Question 24

Efforts Made to Reach Sustainability

Answer 24

-Dharavi slum redevelopment project
-Rainwater harvesting systems
-Public Transport
-Clean-up Mumbai Campaign
-Condom Promotion Campaigns

Question 25

Dharavi Redevelopment Project (Sustainability)

Answer 25

-As the slum has continued to grow it has occupied areas of prime land in the business district of the city.
-2004 Government first announced project to clear the Dharavi slum and create an independent township.
-As a result, developers are now eager to reclaim this land and make money by redeveloping the area. They want to convert the land to luxury apartments and offices.
-Plans include new apartments, a water and sewage system, hospitals and schools.
-The slum residents who can prove residency since 2000 will be provided with a flat for free.
-There is a lot of conflict with the locals as it’s an established community with successful industries, like recycling rubbish from all over the city.
-Residents are worried that the redevelopment will destroy their livelihoods and the community spirit of the area.

Question 26

Rainwater Harvesting Systems (Sustainability)

Answer 26

-To increase water security, local authority has made rainwater harvesting systems compulsory for all new residential buildings in Mumbai on plots larger than 300m”.
-However, since 2007, only half of the eligible buildings have actually installed these systems.

Question 27

Public Transport (Sustainability)

Answer 27

-In 2011, the World Bank provided $1 Billlion of funding to upgrade roads, rebuild train tracks and purchase more fuel-efficient buses.

Question 28

Clean-up Mumbai Campaign (Sustainability)

Answer 28

Cleaning up the streets by clearing litter and educating local residents and shopkeepers about how to recycle and dispose of waste to limit environmental damage.

Question 29

Condom Promotion Campaigns (Sustainability)

Answer 29

-The National AIDS Control Organisation runs condom promotion campaigns in Mumbai to reduce HIV rates.
-New government legislation plans to make it illegal to discriminate against HIV/AIDS-positive people.