Multiple Choice Questions Flashcards
Side effects of quinidine in the horse
Colic
Laminitis
Tachycardia
Can cause tdp in general
Most common clinical sign in cow with AF
GI disease
PDE 3 mech
Increase cAMP
PDE5 mech
Increase cGMP
What is an Austin flint murmur
AI causing flutter of the mitral valve - middiastolic or presystolic
Quest study- what does not have neg hazards ratio?
Associated with longer survival: Pimobendan Ckcs Low furosemide Lower vhs Lower la/ao Lower lvid Higher creatinine
Side effect of spironolactone cats
Facial pruritis
What increases digoxin levels
Hypokalemia
Azotemia
Other choices were:
Amiodarone
Hypercalcemia
Effect of hyperkalemia on cell
Hypopolarized membrane
What cause low O2 saturation?
Options included
Exercise
Hypoxia
Polycythemia
Hypoxia?
What does the c wave coordinate with?
Closure of av valves
What arrhythmia to give unsynchronized cardioversion for?
VF?
What species are right coronary dominant?
Humans
Pigs
Horses
What species are left coronary dominant?
Dog
Cat
Ruminant
Most common bypass tract in dog
Right posteroseptal
Retrograde
Unidirectional
B1>a>B2
Norepinephrine
B1>B2>a
Dobutamine
B1=B2>a
Epinephrine
Most common heart disease in ferrets
Aortic regurgitation >MR
Most common cardiomyopathy in ferrets
DCM
Surgery of choose for ToF
Modified blalock taussig
What is modified blalock taussig
Graft to connect L subclavian to aorta or pa
What is blalock taussig
L subclavian to PA by anastomosing vessels
What is Potts
Anastomoses btwn PA and desending AO
What is waterson
Anastomoses btwn rPA and ascending ao
Most common valve regurg in horses
AI
Best ACEi in horses
Benazepril
Best treatment for GS inherited arrhythmias
Mexiletine and sotalol together
Most common iguana heart prob
Valve regurg and mineralization of great vessels
Case of smoke in LA
Plasma protein interactions
Embryologist origin of CTS
Stenotic connection of pulmonary veins to LA
Embryonic origin of CTD
Persistence of the right sinus valve
Which beta blocker metabolized in the liver?
Propranolol>metoprolol
Which beta blocker crosses bbb
Propranolol
Chem changes with hyperaldosteronism
Low renin
Low K
High renal K excretion
Protect study- survival times
Median time to CHF/SCD 9 months longer in dobies with pimo
Quest
Better hr
Low creatinine
Cause of inherited arrhythmias in gsd
Abnormal serca
Predisposed to eads and dads
Mech of ventriculophasic SA
- Storm of baroreceptors from increased arterial pressure causes increased vagal tone.
- Increased blood flow to sinus node diffuses metabolites and slows next discharge.
- Inhibition of bainbridge reflex
Concealed conduction
Incomplete cardiac impulse conduction through specialized conduction tissue.
This shows effects on next p-QRS-t, and may lead to conduction delay, Avb, conduction enhancement, etc.
How does a VVI pacemaker set at 90 bpm with a refractory period of 320 ms respond to a premature ventricular complex occurring at 250 ms after the last paced beat?
It would be sensed in the refractory period but would not reset timing cycles.
What is noise reversion?
Inappropriate asynchronous pacing. The pacemaker is switched to a synchronous pacing with repetitive refractory sensing. This is to protect against noise being mistaken for cardiac events with the consequence of inhibition of pacing
Two ways to fix noise reversion
One. Shorten refractory.
Two. Decrease the sensitivity.
Why does Treppe effect go away with Heart failure
Decreased serca with heart failure, means decreased ca uptake
When is renin released?
Hypovolemia
Hyponatremia
Diuretics
Circulating catecholamines
Best treatment for WPW
Procainamide
4 causes of acquired pulmonary artery stenosis
Chronic ps developing into peripheral PS
- Neoplasia
- Ligation of PA during PDA ligation
- Hematoma
What enzyme causes cardiac cachexia
Angiotensin 2 and aldosterone
What causes inotropic effects
Forskolin
What is branhams sign?
Decrease in heart rate with increase in diastolic BP, as seen during pda ligation.
List 10 Minor criteria for endocarditis
Fever
Medium to large breed dog
Subaortic stenosis
Vascular phenomena such as arterial emboli
Immuno logical phenomenon such as polyarthritis
Bartonella serology greater than one to 1024
Positive blood cultures not meeting major criteria
New or worse heart murmur
Chronic catheter
Immunocompromise
Predisposing heart conditions
Repeated non-sterile drug in ministration
Echo consistent with IE
3 endothelin-1 functions
Vasoconstriction
Increased collagen synthesis
Sm muscle proliferation
Vascular remodeling
3 endothelium antagonists for pht
Bosentan
Ambrisentan
Macitentan
Prostacyclin functions
Vasodilation
Inhibits sm muscle proliferation
3 prostacyclin analogs
Iloprost
Beraprost
Epoprostenol
PDE5 inhibitors
Sildenafil
Taladafil
Serotonin affects what cell type in valve?
VIC to myofibroblast
What high serotonin syndrome looks similar to DMVD?
Carcinoid syndrome, but this affects tricuspid more than mitral
What cell type decreases with DMVD?
VEC
What happens to atrialis layer with DMVD?
Increased ECM
What happens to fibrosa?
Disorganized collagen
What happens to spongiosa?
Most affected layer- disorganized and more gags/proteoglycans.
