Multiple Choice Questions Flashcards
The key distinguishing factor between hominins and primates is…
Bipedalism
Homo sapiens larger brain size is caused by…
The cerebrum becoming more folded
Which fossils provide an evolutionary link between previously identified species and known species?
Transitional fossils
What is not a requirement for fossilisation?
High oxygen availability
What type of protein is insulin?
A peptide hormone
A patient receiving treatment with monoclonal antibodies receives what type of immunity?
Artificial passive immunity
cat limbs and whale fins are examples of what structures?
Homologous structures
Antibiotic resistant bacteria pose a significant public health issue. What does not combat to this issue?
Antigenic drift changing surface antigens
A DNA sample is placed into a PCR machine, after 5 cycles how many strands are there?
64
Carbon fixation only exists once in…
C3 plants
Prior to the adaptive response, what is likely to occur?
Complement proteins coat the bacteria to prevent binary fission
On the first exposure to pollen, what occurs in individuals who will become allergic to pollen?
IgE antibodies bind to mast cells
On the second exposure to pollen, what occurs in individuals who will become allergic to pollen?
Pollen binds to antibodies on the mast cells causing them to degranulate
What are the 3 steps of PCR
Denaturing, Annealing, Elongation
Where are B and T lymphocytes produced?
Bone marrow
What is a characteristic of inflammation
Leaky capillaries
What macromolecule is an antibody composed of?
A polypeptide
Within chloroplast, where is the majority of ATP produced
The inner membrane / electron transport chain
Where does clonal selection and proliferation of B cells occur?
Lymph nodes, spleen and tonsils
Many different codons can code for the same amino acid
Degenerate
each codon is only capable of coding for a single amino acid
Unambiguous
each triplet/codon is read independently of adjacent triplets or codons
Non overlapping
nearly all living organisms use the same set of rules and codons to code for proteins
Universal
When invading bacteriophage DNA is incorporated into the CRISPR sequence, it is introduced as a…
Spacer
What stage of photosynthesis requires Rubisco?
Light independent
Which type of plant undergoes photosynthesis where the light independent stage is separated over time?
CAM plants
Which type of plant undergoes photosynthesis where the light independent stage is separated over location?
C4 plants
Name 3 physical barriers in plants
Sap, gals, waxy cuticles
Name 2 chemical barriers in plants
Chitinase and phenol acid
Name 3 physical barriers in humans
Intact skin, hair, cilia in lungs
Name 3 chemical barriers in humans
Stomach acid, acidic sweat, low pH in vagina
What are the 2 kind of B lymphocytes
Memory cells and plasma cells
What are the 2 kind of T lymphocytes
Helper T cells and Cytotoxic T cells
What are the 3 phagocytes
Neutrophils, Macrophages and Dendritic cells
Which phagocyte isn’t an antigen presenting cell
Neutrophils
What is ELISA testing
Tool for diagnosis/identification of a pathogen
Where in the cell is NADH converted to NAD+
Cristae
What is the function of B memory cells
Divide to produce plasma cells
What is the role of monoclonal antibodies
Help reduce swelling caused by rheumatoid arthritis
What is off target modification
Off target modification occurs when the Cas9 enzyme cuts an unintended location of the genome
insulin produced by recombinant DNA technology is
produced from human insulin mRNA
30 minutes after 18O is provided to photosynthesis plants in water molecules, what would it be found as
gaseous oxygen
What would happen if CO2 was removed from a plants environment
rate of the light independent reaction will decrease
Where does anaerobic fermentation take place in yeast cells
cytoplasm
Interferons are produced in response to viral infections in what line of defence
second/innate/non specific
Are cytotoxic T cells, eosinophils, self antigens or interferons involved in an allergic reaction to pollen
eosinophils
unusually high allele frequenccies of ‘blue skin’ in Oregon, USA is an example of mutation, genetic drift, natural selection or speciation
genetic drift
gene flow describes the movement of alleles between chromosomes, species, individuals or populations
populations
Which of genetic drift, natural selection, bottleneck effect or antigenic shift will lead to the greatest genetic diversity
antigenic shift
Vestigial structures are….
genetically determined structures that have lost most or all of their ancestral function
One way to improve the accuracy of an experiment is to increase sample size, repeat the experiment, calibrate the equipment or control the variables
calibrate the equipment
describe the role of a spacer sequence
segments of DNA cut from invading viruses used to recognise same virus in the future
Describe the role of he PAM sequence
The protospacer adjacent sequence is a nucleotide sequence between the spacers that is used to identify bacterial DNA from not self viral DNA
what kind of immunity is provided through vaccines
artificial active
what kind of immunity is provided through breastfeeding
natural passive
