Multiple choice Flashcards
Marginal revenue product measures the increase in
a. output resulting from one more unit of labor.
b. TR resulting from one more unit of output.
c. revenue per unit from one more unit of output.
d. total revenue resulting from one more unit of labor.
D. MRP is the increase in total revenue to a firm resulting from hiring an additional unit of labor or other variable resource.
Troll Corporation sells dolls for $10.00 each in a market that is perfectly competitive. Increasing the number of workers from 100 to 101 would cause output to rise from 500 to 510 dolls per day. Troll should hire the 101st worker only when the wage is
a. $100 or less per day.
b. more than $100 per day.
c. $5.10 or less per day.
d. none of the above.
A. Under perfect competition, the firm hires workers until the MRP equals the wage rate. MRP equals $10 x MP (510 - 500) = $100.
Derived demand for labor depends on the
a. cost of factors of production used in the product.
b. market supply curve of labor.
c. consumer demand for the final goods produced by labor.
d. firm’s total revenue less economic profit.
C. If consumers do not purchase goods, there is no MRP and no workers are hired.
If demand for a product falls, the demand curve for labor used to produce the product will
a. shift leftward.
b. shift rightward.
c. shift upward.
d. remain unchanged.
A.If consumers demand for a product decreases and supply remains constant, the price of the product falls and the MRP (P x MP) decreases.
The owner of a restaurant will hire waiters if the
a. additional labor’s pay is close to the minimum wage .
b. marginal product is at the maximum.
c. additional work of the employees adds more to total revenue than to costs.
d. waiters do not belong to a union.
C. If MRP exceeds the wage rate paid waiters, it is profitable for the restaurant to hire more waiters.
In a perfectly competitive market, the demand curve for labor
a. slopes upward.
b. slopes downward because of diminishing marginal productivity.
c. is perfectly elastic at the equilibrium wage rate.
d. is described by all of the above.
B. As output expands in the short run, a fixed factor results in diminishing returns causing MP to decrease. Correspondingly, MRP decreases.
A union can influence the equilibrium wage rate by
a. featherbedding.
b. requiring longer apprenticeships.
c. favoring trade restrictions on foreign products.
d. all of the above.
e. none of the above.
D. Featherbedding and trade protectionism increase the demand for labor. Requiring longer apprenticeship decreases the demand for labor.
In which of the following market structures is the firm not a price taker in the factor market?
a. Oligopoly.
b. Monopsony.
c. Monopoly.
d. Perfect competition.
B. Monopsony is a labor market in which a single firm hires labor. For example, the “company town” where everyone works for the same employer.
The extra cost of obtaining each additional unit of a factor of production is called the marginal
a. physical product.
b. revenue product.
c. factor cost.
d. implicit cost.
C. The assumption of MFC is that the firm must pay a higher wage to each additional worker as well as to all previously hired workers
A monopsonist’s marginal factor cost curve lies above its supply curve because the firm must
a. increase the price of its product to sell more.
b. lower the price of its product to sell more.
c. increase the wage rate to hire more labor.
d. lower the wage rate to hire more labor.
C. The monopsonist can hire an additional worker only by raising the wage rate for all workers. Therefore, the MFC exceeds the wage rate along the labor supply curve.
To maximize profits, a monopsonist will hire the quantity of labor to the point where the marginal factor cost is equal to
a. marginal physical product.
b. marginal revenue product.
c. total revenue product.
d. any of the above.
B. The MRP curve is the contribution of each worker to total revenue and MFC the addition to total cost. When MRP > MFC, the firm hires more workers.
BigBiz, a local monopsonist, currently hires 50 workers and pays them $6 per hour. To attract an additional worker to its labor force, BigBiz would have to raise the wage rate to $6.25 per hour. What is BigBiz’s marginal factor cost?
a. $6.25 per hour.
b. $12.50 per hour.
c. $18.75 per hour.
d. $20.00 per hour.
C. Its total cost would increase by $18.75 to hire that additional worker (0.25 x 50 + 6.25).
Suppose a firm can hire 100 workers at $8.00 per hour, but must pay $8.05 per hour to hire 101 workers. Marginal factor cost (MFC) for the 101st worker is approximately equal to
a. $8.00.
b. $8.05.
c. $13.05.
d. $13.00.
C. The firm’s total cost would increase $13.05 to hire the 101st worker (.05 x 100 + 8.05).
A monopsonist in equilibrium has a marginal revenue product of $10 per worker hour. Its equilibrium wage rate must be
a. less than $10.
b. equal to $10.
c. greater than $10.
d. equal to $5.
A. Because of its monopoly in the labor market, a monopsony hires fewer workers and pays a lower wage than a firm in a competitive labor market.
Explicit costs are payments to
a. hourly employees.
b. insurance companies.
c. utility companies.
d. all of the above.
D. Explicit costs are payments to non owners of a firm.
Implicit costs are the opportunity costs of using the resources of
a. outsiders.
b. owners.
c. banks.
d. retained earnings.
B. Implicit costs are opportunity costs that a business owner incurs when using resources owned by the firm.
Which of the following equalities is true?
a. Economic profit = total revenue - accounting profit.
b. Economic profit = total revenue - explicit costs - accounting profit.
c. Economic profit = total revenue - implicit costs - explicit costs.
d. Economic profit = opportunity costs + accounting costs.
C. The difference between accounting profit and economic profit is that economic profit is total revenue minus both explicit and implicit costs. Accounting profit is total revenue minus explicit costs only.
Fixed inputs are factors of production that
a. are determined by a firm’s size.
b. can be increased or decreased quickly as output changes.
c. cannot be increased or decreased quickly as output changes.
d. none of the above.
C. In the short run, there are two types of inputs, fixed and variable. Because a firm cannot change its plant capacity, some of its inputs are fixed. In the long run, all costs are variable.
- An example of a variable input is
a. raw materials.
b. energy.
c. hourly labor.
d. all of the above
D. As a firm produces more, it will use more raw materials, energy, and labor. Therefore, all are variable costs.
Suppose a car wash has 2 washing stations and 5 workers and is able to wash 100 cars per day. When it adds a third station, but no more workers, it is able to wash 150 cars per day. The marginal product of the third washing station is
a. 100 cars per day.
b. 150 cars per day.
c. 5 cars per day.
d. 50 cars per day.
D. 50 cars is how many extra cars can be washed by adding a new machine, ceteris paribus.
If the units of variable input in a production process are 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 and the corresponding total outputs are 10, 22, 33, 42, and 48, respectively, the marginal product of the fourth unit is
a. 2.
b. 6.
c. 9.
d. 42.
C. The difference between 42 and 33 is 9, the extra output when producing 4 units instead of 3.
The total fixed cost curve is
a. upward sloping.
b. downward sloping.
c. upward, and then downward sloping.
d. unchanged with the level of output.
D. Fixed costs never change regardless of the units of output; therefore its curve has to be horizontal at a fixed cost dollar value.
Assuming that the marginal cost curve is a smooth U-shaped curve, the corresponding total cost curve has a (an)
a. linear shape.
b. S-shape.
c. U-shape.
d. reverse S-shape.
D. Marginal cost decreases as output increases from zero, and then increases beyond a certain output level. A reverse-S-Shape total cost curve corresponds to the changes in its slope (MC) as output expands.
If both the marginal cost and the average variable cost curves are U-shaped, at the point of minimum average variable cost, the marginal cost must be
a. greater than the average variable cost.
b. less than the average variable cost.
c. equal to the average variable cost.
d. at its minimum.
C. If the margin is above the average, the average will increase. If the margin is less than the average, the average will decrease. If the margin equals the average, average does not change, that is, it is a horizontal curve.