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Biology Unit 2 Part 1 > Multiple Choice > Flashcards

Multiple Choice Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cell theory?

A

-all organisms are composed of one or more cells
-cell is the basic structure and organization of organisms
-all cells come from preexisting cells

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2
Q

define compound light microscope

A

-use series of glass lenses and visible light to magnify an image
-magnifies up to 1,000 times than actual size

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3
Q

define electron microscope

A

-uses magnets to aim a beam of electrons to produce image
-magnifies up to 500,000 times than actual size
-use for non-living specimen

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4
Q

define scanning tunneling electron microscope

A

-can magnify living cells

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5
Q

define scanning electron microscope

A

-produces 3D image of the cell
-use for non-living specimen

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6
Q

define prokaryotic cell

A

-complex structure
-contains plasma membrane
-no nucleus
-no membrane-bound organelles

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7
Q

define eukaryotic cell

A

-more complex structure
-contains plasma membrane
-contains nucleus
-contains membrane-bound organelles

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8
Q

describe plasma membrane?

A

-thin,flexible boundary between cell and its environment

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10
Q

what is selective permeability?

A

-plasma membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell

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11
Q

what is plasma membrane composed of?

A

-phospholipid bilayer

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12
Q

what is phospholipid molecule composed of?

A

-glycerol backbone
-two fatty acid chains
-phosphate group

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13
Q

what is fluid mosaic model?

A

-phospholipid bilayer allows other molecules to float in the membrane

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14
Q

what are the other components of the fluid mosaic model and their functions?

A

-protein provide pathways for subtances to enter and leave, transmits signal to the cell, and acts as support structure
-carbohydrates identify chemical signals
-cholesterol prevents fatty acid tails from sticking together

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15
Q

decribe cilia and its function

A

-short, numerous projections that looks like hairs
-aid in locomotion, feeding, and sweeping surfaces

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16
Q

decribe flagella and its function

A

-longer and less numerous than cilia
-create movement with a whiplike motion and aid in feeding

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17
Q

function of nucleus

A

-control centre of the cell

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18
Q

function of chromatin

A

-this is where DNA is bound

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19
Q

function of nucleolus

A

-1 or 2 bodies that make rRNA and assemble ribosomes

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20
Q

function of nuclear envelope

A

-double membrane structure containing pores that allows transport of mRNA and nucleotides

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21
Q

function of mitochondria

A

-powerhouse of the cell/ energy release

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22
Q

mitochondria is separated by?

A

inter-membrane space

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23
Q

what does plasma membrane allows into and out of the cell?

A

-allows nutrients into the cell
-allows waste to leave the cell

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24
Q

what biochemical reaction take place in the mitochondria?

A

aerobic cellular respiration

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25
Q

what does mitochondria release?

A

-ATP

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26
function of golgi apparatus
-packaging and secretion
27
function of lysosome
-digestion
28
function of centrioles
-helps with cell division in animal cells.
29
function of endoplasmic reticulum
-detoxification and transport
30
difference between rough ER and smooth ER
-rough ER has ribosomes and involved with protein synthesis as transport system -smooth ER lacks ribosomes and involved with the synthesis and transport of lipids
31
description of cytoplasm
-matrix that contains all of the different organelles
32
function of cytoplasm
-allow transport, maintain cell shape and structure, protection, storage, and acts as host to metabolic processes.
33
function of cytoplasm
-allow transport, maintain cell shape and structure, protection, storage, and acts as host to metabolic processes.
34
define cristae
-inner membrane of mitochondria that is folded to increase its surface area into extension
35
who and when fluid mosaic model was proposed?
1972 by J Singer and G Nicholson
36
function of cell membrane
-boundary between cell and its environment
36
function of chloroplast
-performs photosynthesis
37
describe choloroplast
-only found in plant cells -bound by double membrane known as chloroplast envelope
38
what is stroma?
-colourless matrix inside the chloroplast
39
what is thylakoids?
-floating in the stroma
40
thylakoids are stack together to form?
-granum
41
42
what is starch grains?
-acts as temporary stores for carbohydrates formed during photosynthesis
43
function of vacuole
-storage site and provides support for plant cells by creating pressure through osmosis
44
describe vacuole
-large fluid filled sac -surrounded by membrane called tonoplast
45
function of plasmodesmata
-allows molecules and substances to move back and forth as needed
46
function of cell wall
-provides strength and support and pathways for water to move (apoplast pathway)
47
what is cell wall made of?
-cellulose microfibrils contained in a polysacchride matrix
48
difference between plant cell walls and fungi cell walls
-plant cell walls contains cellulose while fungi cell walls contains chitin
49
what does cell wall looks like?
-interconnecting chains of polymer-like molecules
50
difference between plant cells and animal cells
-plant cells have plastids/chloroplasts and large central vacuole while animal cells lack these structures.
51
2 types of internal cytoskeleton and their function
-Microtubules-hollow tubes of protein called tubulin which serve as tracks for organelles movement in the cell -microfilaments-made of two strands of protein molecules twisted together like a rope
52
where does shape of cell depends?
-it depends on its function
53
different cell shapes and their function
-Neurons (cells of nervous system)-long and threadlike that carries information from areas of your body to brain -blood cells- shape like round disks that can squeeze through tiny blood vessels
54
55
most cells are small because?
1. small cell has more surface area than large cell ( higher SA:V ratio) 2.survival of the cell depends on the transport of materials across its surface 3.cell's nucleus can only control a certain amount of living, active cytoplasm
56
what are the things that can pass through and cannot pass through in semi-permeable membrane?
-can pass through: small, uncharged molecules -cannot pass through: large molecules and some particles with strong electrical charge
57
what is passive transport?
-movement across the cell with no use of energy -movement down the concentration gradient (high to low concentration)
58
what are the three modes of passive transport?
-diffusion -facilitated diffusion -osmosis
59
what is diffusion?
-movement of particles from area of high to area of low concentration
60
what are the three factors that controls diffusion?
-temperature -pressure -concentration
61
what is dynamic equilibrium?
-reached when diffusion of material into the cell equals diffusion of material out of the cell -molecules continue to moove but overall concentration remain the same
62
what is facilitated diffusion?
-movement of materials across plasmam membrane using carrier proteins -does not need energy -movement down the concentration gradient
63
what are the factors that influence rate of diffusion?
-temperature-heat increases speed of diffusion -state of solvent-occurs much faster in gas than liquid and faster in liquids than solids -size of molecules-larger molecule, slower it diffuse -steepness of diffusion gradient-greater concentration gradient faster it diffuse -permeability-more or less permeable depends on the degree to which they allow materials to pass -membrane structure-phospholipid structure influences rate of diffusion (hydrophobic nonpolar region allows nonpolar molecules to move across but blocks passage of polar molecules.
64
what is osmosis?
-diffusion of water across selective permeable membrane -moves from high to low concentration -occurs in response to concentration of solutions dissolved in water -water moves from areas of low solute to high solute concentration (high water concentration to low water concentration)
65
what are the three types of solutions?
-isotonic -hypotonic -hypertonic
66
what is isotonic solution?
-same solute concentration outside and inside the cell
67
what is hypotonic solution?
-solute concentration is higher inside the cell -water diffuses into the cell (swells and bursts)
68
what is hypertonic solution?
-solute concentration is higher outside the cell -water diffuses put of cell (shrivels)
69
what is active transport?
-movement of particles across the cell membrane using energy -against the concentration gradient (low to high concentration) -involves carrier proteins like those in facilitated diffusion -carrier protein acts as pumps that use energy to move ions and molecules
70
what is the type of active transport pumps and explain
-Na/K ATPase pump -moves three Na ions out of cell and two K ions into the cell
71
what is bulk transport?
-large molecules are packaged in the membrane-bound sacs and moved across the membrane
72
2 types of bulk transport
-Endocytosis- process where cell surrounds and takes particles into the cell -exocytosis- wastes and cell products leave the cell
73
2 kinds of endocytosis
-phagocytosis: cell engulfs food particle -pinocytosis: cell engulfs liquid drop
74
75
the grana can be interconnected by tubular extensions called?
intergranal lamelle
77
what does phospholipid bilayer forms?
-majority of the membrane

Biology Unit 2 Part 1 (2 decks)

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