multiple choice Flashcards
what are the three characteristics of domain bacteria?
-very strong cell walls
-contain peptidoglycan
-some have second cell wall
_____ are microscopic organisms that are prokaryotes.
bacteria
these cells are the most numerous organisms and the do not have organelles or a nucleus.
prokaryotic cells
the members of this domain can live in extreme, harsh environments
archae
other term for members of domain archae.
extremophiles
what type of environment does thermoacidophiles live?
hot,acidic environments
what type of environment does halophiles live?
very salty environments
what type of environment does methanogens live?
cannot live in the presence of oxygen
what are the differences between bacteria and archae?
-cell walls of bacteria contains peptidoglycan, while archae do not.
-have different lipids in their plasma membranes
-different ribosomal proteins and RNA
describe the prokaryote structure.
microscopic, unicellular organisms.
what does a prokaryotes/prokaryotic structure have? what does it lacks of?
-they have some characteristics of all cells, such as DNA and ribosomes.
-lack of nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
this refers to the genes on a circular chromosome in an area in the cell.
nucleiod
many prokaryotes have at least ONE CIRCULAR PIECE of DNA called…
plasmid
function of capsule.
-keeps the cell from drying out
-protects cells from w.b.c and antibiotics
function of pili.
-plays role in conjugation.
function of size.
-large surface-area-to-volume ratio enables nutrients to diffuse easily to all parts of the cell.
what does spherical-shaped prokaryote called?
cocci
what does rod-shaped prokaryote called?
bacilli
what does spiral-shaped (spirili) prokaryote called?
spirochetes
what does eubacteria has?
peptidoglycan
what color appears if the bacteria is gram positive? what structure does it lacks of? what does it have?
-appears purple
-does not have lipid layer
-have a lot of peptidoglycan
what gram stain result (pos/neg) requires different treatment?why?
-gram positive
-because extra layer stops some antibiotics fron entering.
what color appears if the bacteria is gram negative? what does it have?
-appears light pink
-have lipid layer that have less peptidoglycan
what does gram ngeative bacteria makes?
-antibiotics
what does prokaryotic flagella made of?
filaments
function of flagella.
-help prokaryotes to move TOWARD materials that they need to survive
what kind of reproduction is reproduction of prokaryotes?what are the two of them?
-asexual reproduction
-binary fission (mitosis) and conjugation
define binary fission.
division of a cell into two genetically identical cells
define conjugation.
-two prokaryotes attach to each other and exchange genetic info using their pili (increase diversity)
this carry out photosynthesis in a similar manner as plants.
photoautotrophs
breaks down and release inorgani compound that conatin nitrogen or sulfur by chemosynthesis.
chemoautotrophs
diffference between aerobes and anaerobes.
-obligate aerobes aree bacteria that REQUIRE O2 to grow
-anaerobic bacteria DO NOT use O2 for growth or metabolism.
define endospore.
-spore coat that surrounds the chromosome and cytoplasm of the bacteria.
what happens to endspore when conditions improve?
-grows into a new cell
how does mutation occurs quickly?
-when bacteria reproduce quickly and their population grows rapidly
what does mutations lead to?
-new forms of genes, new gene combinations, new characteristics, and genetic diversity
where does nitrogen-fixing bacteria lives?
-livve in a symbiotic relationship in the root nodules of plants
human body is covered with this harmless bacteria which helps prevent harmful bacteria from infecting the body and causing disease?
normal flora
where does bacteria lives in mammals?
digestive tract
this type of bacteria has small percentage of causing disease BUT multiply quickly at the site of infection.
disease-causing bacteria
what does disease-causing bacteria secretes?
toxin
(OPTIONAL)what diseases are caused by STD’s?
-syphilis
-gonorrhea
-chlamydia
(OPTIONAL)what diseases belongs to respritory diseases?
-strep throat
-pneumonia
-whooping cough
-tubercolosis
-antharax
(OPTIONAL)what diseases belongs to skin diseases?
-acne
-boils
-infections of wounds or burns
(OPTIONAL)what diseases belongs to digestive tract diseases?
-gastroenteritis
-many types of food poisoning
-cholera
(OPTIONAL)what diseases belongs to NS diseases?
-botulissm
-tetanus
-bacterial meningitis
(OPTIONAL) what does MRSA (straphylococcus aureus) causes?
-bacterium that causes infections in different parts of the body.
this is a nonliving strand of genetic material (DNA OR RNA) within a protein coat.
-viruses
what are the characteristics of a bacteria?
-no organelles to take in nutrients or use energy
-cannot make proteins
-cannot move
-cannot replicate on their own
-size ranges from 5 to 300 nanometers.
what does a virus needs to spread or replicate?
host
what are the 2 parts of viruses?
outer capsid and genetic material (DNA OR RNA)
outer capsid/capsid is made of…
proteins
where (structure) does a virus attaches to the host cells by using specific receptors?
plasma membrane
HUMAN VIRAL DISEASES
(OPTIONAL)what diseases are caused by STD?
-AIDS (HIV)
-genital herpes
HUMAN VIRAL DISEASES
(OPTIONAL)what diseases belongs to childhood diseases?
-measles
-mumps
-chiken pox
HUMAN VIRAL DISEASES
(OPTIONAL)what diseases belongs to respiratory diseases?
-common cold
-influenza
HUMAN VIRAL DISEASES
(OPTIONAL)what diseases belongs to skin diseases?
-warts
-shingles
HUMAN VIRAL DISEASES
(OPTIONAL)what diseases belongs to digestive tract diseases?
-gastroenteritis
HUMAN VIRAL DISEASES
(OPTIONAL)what diseases belongs to NS diseases?
-pollo
-viral meningitis
-rabies
HUMAN VIRAL DISEASES
(OPTIONAL)what diseases belongs to other diseases?
-small pox
-hepatitis
HUMAN BACTERIA DISEASES
(OPTIONAL)what diseases belongs to other diseases?
-lyme disease
-typhoid fever
define lyctic cycle
-host cell makes many copies of the viral RNA OR DNA
define lysogenic cycle
-viral dna inserts, or integrates into a chromosome in a host cell.
what type of viral replication (cycle) describes the ff.:
-rapidly kills a host cell by making it lyse or burst apart
-host show sogns of disease during this cycle because its cells are being killed.
-lytic cycle
what type of cycle is the replication process in which a virus DOES NOT immediately kill a host cell?
lysogenic cycle
part of lysogenic cycle in which the nucleic acid of a bacterial virus that is attached to the host’s chromosome.
prophage or provirus
characteristics of RETROVIRUSES.
-have RNA
-have protein capsid
-lipid envelope is obtained from the plasma membrane of host cell
(OPTIONAL) this respiratory disease/syndrome is caused by a variant of coronavirus
SARS (sever acutre respiratory syndrome)
(OPTIONAL) this virus belongs to a family of virus called flaviviridae (spread by mosquitoes that have fed on blood of infected birds)
-west nile virus
(OPTIONAL) virus infection that is an intestinal illness that often occurs in outbreaks (caused by its own name). people get infected by swallowing contaminated food or water
norwalk virus
(OPTIONAL) flu that are found chiefly in birds, but infections can occur on humans.
avian influenza flu/avian flu
(OPTIONAL) this causes birth defects on babies born to some infected pregnant women.
zika virus
(OPTIONAL) what happens to the baby that is born when their mother is infected with zika virus?
underdeveloped/small heads and brain damage.
(OPTIONAL) most recent pandemic that kills 1,701people in sk.
covid pandemic
this is a protein that can cause infection or disease (both infectious and hereditary)
prions
where does prions normally exist?
cells
