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chapter bacteria and viruses 18 (finals restudy) > multiple choice > Flashcards

multiple choice Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three characteristics of domain bacteria?

A

-very strong cell walls
-contain peptidoglycan
-some have second cell wall

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2
Q

_____ are microscopic organisms that are prokaryotes.

A

bacteria

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3
Q

these cells are the most numerous organisms and the do not have organelles or a nucleus.

A

prokaryotic cells

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4
Q

the members of this domain can live in extreme, harsh environments

A

archae

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5
Q

other term for members of domain archae.

A

extremophiles

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6
Q

what type of environment does thermoacidophiles live?

A

hot,acidic environments

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7
Q

what type of environment does halophiles live?

A

very salty environments

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8
Q

what type of environment does methanogens live?

A

cannot live in the presence of oxygen

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9
Q

what are the differences between bacteria and archae?

A

-cell walls of bacteria contains peptidoglycan, while archae do not.
-have different lipids in their plasma membranes
-different ribosomal proteins and RNA

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10
Q

describe the prokaryote structure.

A

microscopic, unicellular organisms.

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11
Q

what does a prokaryotes/prokaryotic structure have? what does it lacks of?

A

-they have some characteristics of all cells, such as DNA and ribosomes.
-lack of nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

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12
Q

this refers to the genes on a circular chromosome in an area in the cell.

A

nucleiod

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13
Q

many prokaryotes have at least ONE CIRCULAR PIECE of DNA called…

A

plasmid

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14
Q

function of capsule.

A

-keeps the cell from drying out
-protects cells from w.b.c and antibiotics

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15
Q

function of pili.

A

-plays role in conjugation.

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16
Q

function of size.

A

-large surface-area-to-volume ratio enables nutrients to diffuse easily to all parts of the cell.

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17
Q

what does spherical-shaped prokaryote called?

A

cocci

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18
Q

what does rod-shaped prokaryote called?

A

bacilli

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19
Q

what does spiral-shaped (spirili) prokaryote called?

A

spirochetes

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20
Q

what does eubacteria has?

A

peptidoglycan

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21
Q

what color appears if the bacteria is gram positive? what structure does it lacks of? what does it have?

A

-appears purple
-does not have lipid layer
-have a lot of peptidoglycan

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22
Q

what gram stain result (pos/neg) requires different treatment?why?

A

-gram positive
-because extra layer stops some antibiotics fron entering.

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23
Q

what color appears if the bacteria is gram negative? what does it have?

A

-appears light pink
-have lipid layer that have less peptidoglycan

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24
Q

what does gram ngeative bacteria makes?

A

-antibiotics

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25
Q

what does prokaryotic flagella made of?

A

filaments

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26
Q

function of flagella.

A

-help prokaryotes to move TOWARD materials that they need to survive

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27
Q

what kind of reproduction is reproduction of prokaryotes?what are the two of them?

A

-asexual reproduction
-binary fission (mitosis) and conjugation

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28
Q

define binary fission.

A

division of a cell into two genetically identical cells

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29
Q

define conjugation.

A

-two prokaryotes attach to each other and exchange genetic info using their pili (increase diversity)

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30
Q

this carry out photosynthesis in a similar manner as plants.

A

photoautotrophs

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31
Q

breaks down and release inorgani compound that conatin nitrogen or sulfur by chemosynthesis.

A

chemoautotrophs

32
Q

diffference between aerobes and anaerobes.

A

-obligate aerobes aree bacteria that REQUIRE O2 to grow
-anaerobic bacteria DO NOT use O2 for growth or metabolism.

33
Q

define endospore.

A

-spore coat that surrounds the chromosome and cytoplasm of the bacteria.

34
Q

what happens to endspore when conditions improve?

A

-grows into a new cell

35
Q

how does mutation occurs quickly?

A

-when bacteria reproduce quickly and their population grows rapidly

36
Q

what does mutations lead to?

A

-new forms of genes, new gene combinations, new characteristics, and genetic diversity

37
Q

where does nitrogen-fixing bacteria lives?

A

-livve in a symbiotic relationship in the root nodules of plants

38
Q

human body is covered with this harmless bacteria which helps prevent harmful bacteria from infecting the body and causing disease?

A

normal flora

39
Q

where does bacteria lives in mammals?

A

digestive tract

40
Q

this type of bacteria has small percentage of causing disease BUT multiply quickly at the site of infection.

A

disease-causing bacteria

41
Q

what does disease-causing bacteria secretes?

A

toxin

42
Q

(OPTIONAL)what diseases are caused by STD’s?

A

-syphilis
-gonorrhea
-chlamydia

43
Q

(OPTIONAL)what diseases belongs to respritory diseases?

A

-strep throat
-pneumonia
-whooping cough
-tubercolosis
-antharax

44
Q

(OPTIONAL)what diseases belongs to skin diseases?

A

-acne
-boils
-infections of wounds or burns

45
Q

(OPTIONAL)what diseases belongs to digestive tract diseases?

A

-gastroenteritis
-many types of food poisoning
-cholera

46
Q

(OPTIONAL)what diseases belongs to NS diseases?

A

-botulissm
-tetanus
-bacterial meningitis

47
Q

(OPTIONAL) what does MRSA (straphylococcus aureus) causes?

A

-bacterium that causes infections in different parts of the body.

48
Q

this is a nonliving strand of genetic material (DNA OR RNA) within a protein coat.

A

-viruses

49
Q

what are the characteristics of a bacteria?

A

-no organelles to take in nutrients or use energy
-cannot make proteins
-cannot move
-cannot replicate on their own
-size ranges from 5 to 300 nanometers.

50
Q

what does a virus needs to spread or replicate?

A

host

51
Q

what are the 2 parts of viruses?

A

outer capsid and genetic material (DNA OR RNA)

52
Q

outer capsid/capsid is made of…

A

proteins

53
Q

where (structure) does a virus attaches to the host cells by using specific receptors?

A

plasma membrane

54
Q

HUMAN VIRAL DISEASES
(OPTIONAL)what diseases are caused by STD?

A

-AIDS (HIV)
-genital herpes

55
Q

HUMAN VIRAL DISEASES
(OPTIONAL)what diseases belongs to childhood diseases?

A

-measles
-mumps
-chiken pox

56
Q

HUMAN VIRAL DISEASES
(OPTIONAL)what diseases belongs to respiratory diseases?

A

-common cold
-influenza

57
Q

HUMAN VIRAL DISEASES
(OPTIONAL)what diseases belongs to skin diseases?

A

-warts
-shingles

58
Q

HUMAN VIRAL DISEASES
(OPTIONAL)what diseases belongs to digestive tract diseases?

A

-gastroenteritis

59
Q

HUMAN VIRAL DISEASES
(OPTIONAL)what diseases belongs to NS diseases?

A

-pollo
-viral meningitis
-rabies

60
Q

HUMAN VIRAL DISEASES
(OPTIONAL)what diseases belongs to other diseases?

A

-small pox
-hepatitis

61
Q

HUMAN BACTERIA DISEASES
(OPTIONAL)what diseases belongs to other diseases?

A

-lyme disease
-typhoid fever

62
Q

define lyctic cycle

A

-host cell makes many copies of the viral RNA OR DNA

63
Q

define lysogenic cycle

A

-viral dna inserts, or integrates into a chromosome in a host cell.

64
Q

what type of viral replication (cycle) describes the ff.:
-rapidly kills a host cell by making it lyse or burst apart
-host show sogns of disease during this cycle because its cells are being killed.

A

-lytic cycle

65
Q

what type of cycle is the replication process in which a virus DOES NOT immediately kill a host cell?

A

lysogenic cycle

66
Q

part of lysogenic cycle in which the nucleic acid of a bacterial virus that is attached to the host’s chromosome.

A

prophage or provirus

67
Q

characteristics of RETROVIRUSES.

A

-have RNA
-have protein capsid
-lipid envelope is obtained from the plasma membrane of host cell

68
Q

(OPTIONAL) this respiratory disease/syndrome is caused by a variant of coronavirus

A

SARS (sever acutre respiratory syndrome)

69
Q

(OPTIONAL) this virus belongs to a family of virus called flaviviridae (spread by mosquitoes that have fed on blood of infected birds)

A

-west nile virus

70
Q

(OPTIONAL) virus infection that is an intestinal illness that often occurs in outbreaks (caused by its own name). people get infected by swallowing contaminated food or water

A

norwalk virus

71
Q

(OPTIONAL) flu that are found chiefly in birds, but infections can occur on humans.

A

avian influenza flu/avian flu

72
Q

(OPTIONAL) this causes birth defects on babies born to some infected pregnant women.

A

zika virus

73
Q

(OPTIONAL) what happens to the baby that is born when their mother is infected with zika virus?

A

underdeveloped/small heads and brain damage.

74
Q

(OPTIONAL) most recent pandemic that kills 1,701people in sk.

A

covid pandemic

75
Q

this is a protein that can cause infection or disease (both infectious and hereditary)

A

prions

76
Q

where does prions normally exist?

A

cells

chapter bacteria and viruses 18 (finals restudy) (2 decks)

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