multiple choice Flashcards
what did the biologists use to organize information about the diversity of living things.
system of classification
who developed the first widely accepted system of biological classification.
aristotle
animals were classified according to the presence or absence of…
red blood
animals were further grouped according to their..
habitats and morphology
how are plants classified?
by their average size and structure as trees, shrubs, or herbs.
what is Linnaues’s system of classification?
first formal system of taxonomy.
Linnaeus’ method of naming organisms,called ______, gives each species a scientific name with ____ parts.
binomial nomenclature;two
what is the first part of linnaeus’ method of naming organisms? (define the term)
genus name; share common ancestor long time ago
what is the second part of linnaeus’ naming method? (Define the term)
specific epithet is the species name
the genus name is always _____, while the specific epithet are ____.
uppercase;lowercase
if the scientific name is written in printed book or magazine, it should be ______. If the scientific name is written by hand, both parts of the name should be ____.
italicized;underlined
the taxonomic categories used by scientists are part of a _______.
nested-hierarchial system
taxonomic categories are arranged from? (what is the mnemonic?)
broadest to most specific
DKPCOFGS (Do Kids Prefer Candy Over Fried Green Spinach)
a named group of organisms is called?
taxa
what is genus (plural;genera)?
group of species that are closely related and share a common ancestor
what is the next higher taxon that consists of similar, related genera?
family
what does the each of the following contains?
-order
-class
-phylum/division
order-related families
class-related orders
phylumm/division-related classes
what is kingdom?
taxon of related phyla or divisions
what is the broadest of all the taxa and contains one or more kingdoms?
domain
what is the biological species concept define?
defines species as a group of organisms that is able to interbreed and produce infertie offspring in a natural setting.
this term refers to the evolutionary history of a species
phylogeny
what does the phylogenic species concept define?
defines a species as a cluster of organisms that is distinct from other clusters and shows evidence of a pattern of ancestry and descent.
scientists construct patterns of descent by using?c
characters
characters can be?
morphological or biochemical
what does shared morphological characters suggest?
species are related closely and evolved from a recent common ancestor.
these kind of characters are those that have the same function but different underlying construction.
analogous characters
define homologous characters.
they might perform different functions, but show an anotomical similarly inherited from a common ancestor. (same construction)
scientists use biochemical characters, such as ______ (____) and _____ (___), to help them determine evolutionary relationships among species.
amino acids (proteins) and nucleotide (DNA)
what are the two analyses that are powerful tools for reconstructing phylogenies.
DNA and RNA
what is the use of molecular clocks?
it compares the DNA sequences or amino acid sequences of genes that are shared by different species.
the _____ MUTATIONS that have accumulated, the MORE _____ that has passed since divergence.
MORE;TIME
the rate of mutation is affected by:
-type of mutation
-where the mutation is in the genome
-type of protein that the mutation affects
-population in which the mutation occurs
______ reconstructs phylogenics based on SHARED characteristics.
cladistics
define the two main types of characters when doing cladistic analyis:
-ancestral character
-derived character
ancestral- found within the entire line of descent of a group of organisms.
derived-present members of one grouo of the line but NOT in the common ancestor.
what is cladograms?
GREATER the number derived characters shared by groups, the MORE recently the groups share a common ancestor.
most widely used biological classification system has how many kingdoms and domains?
six kingdoms and three domains
what are the three domains? what are the six kingdoms?
-DOMAINS:bacteria, archaea, and eukarya
-KINGDOMS: bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, plantae, and animalia
domain bacteria
-define eubacteria
-prokaryotes whose cell walls contain peptidoglycan
-can survive in many different environments
define domain archaea.
-diverse in shape and nutrition requirements
-extremophile
-lacks peptidoglycan
define extremophile.
-they can live in extreme environments
define domain eukarya
-all eukaryotes are classified in this domain.
-contains kingdom protista, kingdom fungi, kingdom plantae, and kingdom animalia
define kingdom protista.
-protists are eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular, colonial, or multicellular
-classified as plant-like, animal-like, and funguslike
define kingdom fungi
-unicellular or multicellular eukaryote that ABSORBS NUTRIENTS from ogranic materials in its environment.
-heterotrophic, lack of motility, and have cell walls that contains CHITIN
define kingdom plantae.
-members form the base of all terrestrial habitats
-multicellular and have cell walls composed of CELLULOSE.
-most plants are autotrophs (perform photosynthesis), but some are heterotrophic.
define kingdom animalia.
-heterotrophic (INGEST FOOD), multicellular, eukaryotes.
-animal organs often are organized into complex organ systems.
-live in water, on land, and in the air.
what are the characteristics of viruses?
-exception in domains and kingdoms
-nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat
-do not possess cells, nor they are cells
-not considered to be iving
-usually not placed in the biological classification system
what is the energy source of the following?
-protista
-fungi
-animalia
-plantae
-protista:organic substance
-fungi:bonds of the organic substance
-animalia:carbohydrates, primarily glucose
-plantae:sun
