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Biology Genetics Chapter 10 (FINALS RE-STUDY) > multiple choice > Flashcards

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1
Q

what is life cycle?

A

generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism.

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2
Q

how does offspring acquire genes from parents?

A

by inheriting chromosomes

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3
Q

inheritence is possible because of:

A

-dna replication
-fertilization

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4
Q

what is asexual reproduction?

A

offspring are genetically identical to parent (no variation)

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5
Q

what kind of cell division is asexual reproduction?

A

mitotic cell division

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6
Q

what is sexual reproduction?

A

production of offspring by combining chromosomes from two different parents (sperm + ovule = zygote)

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7
Q

what is dna replication?

A

copying of dna that happens during interphase

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8
Q

how many chromosome pair does human has?

A

46

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9
Q

each parent contributes how many chromosomes?

A

23

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10
Q

what is homologous chromosome?

A

one of two paired chromosomes, one from each parent

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11
Q

is gametes diploid or haploid?

A

haploid

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12
Q

what is sex cells or gametes?

A

haploid that contains one copy of each chromosome (sperm + egg)

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13
Q

what are the same characteristics that each pair of homologous chromosomes has?

A

-same length
-same centromere position
-position of genes

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14
Q

what is the difference between each pair of homologous chromosomes?

A

they might not code for the exact same type of body part/not code for exact version of each gene.

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15
Q

what iis homologous pairs?

A

matching pairs of chromosomes in a diploid cell that both code the same traits.

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16
Q

what does meiosis do to the number of chromosomes from diploid to haploid?

A

reduces

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17
Q

what type of cellular reproduction is meiosis?

A

eukaryotic

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18
Q

what is meiosis?

A

eukaryotic cellualr reproductiion in which the cells produced have half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.

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19
Q

what are the two main phases of meiosis?what happens in those phases?

A

-meiosis i (homologous pair separate)
-meiosis ii (sister chromatids of each chromosome separate

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20
Q

what does the organism produces to maintain the same number of chromosomes from generation to generation?

A

gametes

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21
Q

how many chromosomes does human gametes contains?

A

23

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22
Q

cell with n chromosomes is called…

A

haploid

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23
Q

a cell that contains 2n chromosomes is called…

A

diploid

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24
Q

how many set of chromosomes does haploid has?

A

one

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25
Q

in humans, 2n is equal to how many chromosomes?

A

46

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26
Q

meiosis is involve in…

A

sexual life cycles in animals

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27
Q

what does meiosis produces?

A

gametes

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28
Q

when gametes combine in ______, the number of chromosomes is _____.

A

fertilization;restored

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29
Q

this involves two consecutive cell divisions called ___ and ___. (sexual reproduction: 2N->N (gametes) )

A

stages of meiosis;meiosis i and meiosis ii

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30
Q

what happens in interphase?

A

-chromosomes replicate
-chromatin condenses

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31
Q

what happen during prophase i?

A

pairing of homologous chromosomes occurs

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32
Q

in prophase i, how many chromatids does each chromosomes consist?

A

two

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33
Q

in prophase i, what happens to the nuclear envelope?

A

breaks down

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34
Q

what forms during prophase i?

A

spindles

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35
Q

what happens DURING prophase i?

A

crossing over produces exchange of genetic information.

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36
Q

what is crossing over?

A

chromosal segments are exchanged between a pair of homologous chromosomes.

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37
Q

what happens in metaphase i?

A

homologous chromosomes line up at the equator.

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38
Q

_______ _____ attach to spindle fibers.

A

chromosome centromeres

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39
Q

in anaphase i, what happens to homologous chromosomes?

A

they separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.

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40
Q

what happens to the cell in telophase i?

A

cell divides

41
Q

what happens to spindles in telophase i? what happens to chromosomes?

A

-breaks down
-chromosomes uncoil and form two nuclei

42
Q

what happens in prophase ii?

A

-second set pf phases begins
-spindles apparatus foorms and the chromosomes condense.

43
Q

what happens during metaphase ii?

A

haploid number of chromosomes line up at the equator.

44
Q

what happens during anaphase ii?

A

-sister chromatids are pulled apart at the centromere by spindle fibers and move toward to opposite poles of the cell.

45
Q

what happens to chromosomes, nuclear membrane and nuclei during telophase ii?

A

-chromosomes reach the poles
-nuclear membrane and nuclei reform.

46
Q

_______ results in FOUR haploid cells.

A

cytokinesis

47
Q

how many divisions that meiosis consists?

A

two

48
Q

what does meiosis produce?

A

four unidentical haploid daughter cells

49
Q

meiosis results in..

A

genetic variation

50
Q

______ and _____ produce genetic variation among offspring.

A

meiosis and sexual reproduction

51
Q

depending on how the chromosomes line up at the equator, how many gametes and different combinations of chromosomes can result?

A

four gametes and four different combinations

52
Q

what is independent assortment?

A

random assortment of homologous chromosomes during meiosis i.

53
Q

evolutionary adaptation depends on a population’s genetic variation as a result of…

A

sexual reproduction and mutations

54
Q

what are the 4 characteristics of asexual reproduction?

A

-ONE individual
-ALL genes from ONE parent
-offspring IDENTICAL to parent
-results in a clone (NO variation)

55
Q

what are the 4 characteristics of sexual reproduction?

A

-TWO individuals
-EACH parent contribute 1/2 of genes
-UNIQUE COMBINATION of 2 parents.
-genetic variation results

56
Q

contrast asexual and sexual reproduction.

A

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION:
-organism INHERITS ALL of its chromosomes from a single parent.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:
-beneficial genes multiply FASTER over time.

57
Q

what is genetics?

A

scientific study of heredity

58
Q

who is Gregor Mendel?

A

-Austrian monk and scientist.
-studies inheritance of traits in pea plants
-1860s

59
Q

what is inheritance or heredity?

A

the passing of traits to the next generation.

60
Q

what does Mendel performed in pea plants?

A

cross-pollination

61
Q

what does self-fertilize or self-pollination mean?

A

pollen from stamens fertilize eggs (ova) in the pistil of the same flower.

62
Q

define trait.

A

any characteristic that can be passed from parents to offspring.

63
Q

define hybrid.

A

-organism that receives DIFFERENT genetic infromation for a trait from each parent.
-so called HETEROzygous.

64
Q

define pure-bred.

A

-group of organisms that produce ONLY offspring with a given parental trait when allowed to self-fertilize.
-so called HOMOzygous.

65
Q

parent generation is also known as the..

A

P generation.

66
Q

the offspring of this P cross is called the..

A

first filial (F1) generation.

67
Q

the offspring of this generation is from the F1 cross.

A

second filial geneartion (F2)

68
Q

in this generation, the short trait HAD NOT disappeared but was suppressed by the tall trait.

A

F1.

69
Q

what does Mendel proposed about traits?

A

traits are determined by factors and that an organism receives on factor from each parent.

70
Q

define gene (factors)

A

unit of heredity information that controls the traits of a particular organism.

71
Q

where is genes (factors) located?

A

chromosomes

72
Q

what is alleles?

A

an alternative form of a single gene passed from generation to generation.

73
Q

what is the difference between gene and allele.

A

gene determines a particular trait
allele determines the possible form of the gene

74
Q

define dominant and recessive trait.

A

dominant trait is expressed preferentially in the phenotype of a hybrid.
recessive trait is not expressed in the phenotype of a hybrid.

75
Q

an organism with two of the same alleles for a particular trait is…

A

homozygous

76
Q

an organism with two different alleles for a particular trait is…

A

heterozygous

77
Q

difference between genotype and phenotype.

A

genotype is the organism’s allele pairs
phenotype is the observable characteristic (appearance) or outward expression of an allele pair.

78
Q

Mendel’s Law of Segregation

A

two alleles for a character are packaged into separate gametes.

79
Q

each pair of alleles segregates, or separates, during..

A

meiosis

80
Q

what happens to homologous chromosomes at anaphase I?

A

pull apart

81
Q

In Mendel’s Law of Segregation, what happens during fertilization?

A

two alleles for that trait unite.

82
Q

heterozygous organisms are called..

A

hybrids

83
Q

Mendel’s Law of Dominance (define)

A

two alleles in a gene pair are different (heterozygous genotype), one allele can control the trait and the other can be hidden.

84
Q

what allele always control a trait?

A

dominant

85
Q

what allele is hidden when paired with another allele?

A

recessive

86
Q

recessive allele is only expressed when…

A

there is no copy of the dominant allele for the gene.

87
Q

define Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment

A

random distribution of alleles occurs during gamate formation during metaphase I.

88
Q

In Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment, what ahppens during meiosis?

A

genes on separate chromosomes sort independently.

89
Q

In Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment, what happens to each paur of alleles (gene pairs)?

A

they segregates into gametes randomly and independently.

90
Q

define monohybrid cross.

A

cross that involves hhybrids for a single trait.

91
Q

define dihybrid cross.

A

simultaneous inheritance of two or more traits in the same plant
heterozygous for both traits.

92
Q

what does punnett square predicts?

A

possible offsspring of a cross between two known genotypes.

93
Q

what can be produced in the punnett square of dihybrid cross?

A

four types of alleles from the male gametes and four types of alleles from the female gametes.

94
Q

what is the resulting phenotypic ratio for punnett square of dihybrid cross?

A

9:3:1:1

95
Q

the new ccombination of genes are produced by?

A

crossing over and independent assortment

96
Q

what is the exception in Mendel’s law of independent assortment?

A

gene linkage on a chromosome results

97
Q

why gene linkage is an exception in Mendel’s law of independent assortment?

A

because gene linakge usually do not segregate independently.

98
Q

what is polyploidy?

A

the occurence of one or more extra sets of all chromosomes in an organism.

Biology Genetics Chapter 10 (FINALS RE-STUDY) (1 decks)

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