Multiple Choice Flashcards
The structure of ATP is one that contains…
A nitrogenous purine base, pentose sugar, & three phosphates
The process of skeletal muscle differentiation is controlled by four highly related basic helix-loop proteins referred to as the myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs). These include…
Myo-D, myogenin, MRF-4, & myf5
The three primary energy systems used by the human body include…
Phosphagen, Aerobic, Lactic Acid
The three muscle skeletal fiber types found in humans include:
Type I, IIA, & IIX
The primary energy system used during a 60 meter dash is:
ATP-PCr
What system is predominately used in the 10k track race?
Aerobic
Short-duration, high-intensity exercise relies on……as well as stored…..to a lesser extent.
Fast glycolysis, phosphagens
As exercise intensity increases…
The % of glycogen that is oxidized increases
The increase in skeletal muscle fiber number seen with various models of overload may be due to:
Satellite cell activation & muscle fiber splitting
Which skeletal muscle fiber types would exhibit the greatest force production?
Type IIX
Which dietary component is likely the most important in athletes training for skeletal muscle hypertrophy?
total protein intake (grams per day)
Which has been shown to occur in individuals consuming a high protein diet for a 1-year period?
- elevated liver enzymes
- evidence of renal dysfunction
- chronic dehydration
- none of the above
none of the above
Which dietary protein will likely elevate muscle protein synthesis the most when consumed immediately post-workout?
whey
Which dietary protein contains the highest concentration of leucine?
whey
Which are harmful effects of a high protein diet (3g/kg/d)?
- dehydration
- problems with glomerular filtration
- adrenal fatigue
- none of the above
none of the above
What are some functional roles of protein?
Hormones, Enzymes, Growth & Maintenance
Which amino acids constitute approx. 33% of skeletal muscle?
The Branched-Chain Amino Acids
The consumption of a high protein diet (3g/kg/d) for two months may result in…
A gain in LBM & a loss of fat mass
Amino acids are the building blocks of protein, which of the following are considered essential?
- Taurine
- Glutamine
- Cysteine
- Lysine
Lysine
Monosaccharides are the smallest carbohydrate molecules & include…
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
Sucrose is…. linked to…. and is derived from the sugar cane plant and is often referred to as “table sugar”
Glucose, fructose
….are composed of 3-10 monosaccharides and include stachyose, raffinose, and verbascose.
Oligosaccharides
….are building blocks of plant starch. Straight chains of starch are referred to as…, and branched chains of amylose are referred to as amylopectin.
Glucose, amylose
Glycogen, made up of branched chains of glucose, is produced and stored primarily in the….and……
Liver, skeletal muscle
There is a….relationship between exercise….and the rate of skeletal muscle glycogen breakdown.
Strong, intensity
During the first 30min of moderate to heavy aerobic exercise, most of the glucose output from the liver is derived from…and not gluconeogenesis.
food that you have recently consumed
Higher levels of pre-exercise glycogen results in a ….rate of breakdown during exercise.
Significantly slower
Moderate submaximal intensity training (such as 60% VO2max) leads to an increase in the glycogen content in skeletal muscle, primarily in….skeletal muscle fibers.
Type I
Glycogen loading is also known as…
carbohydrate loading, carb loading, muscle glycogen supercompensation
The triglyceride or triaclyglycerol molecule is composed of….
a glycerol backbone & three fatty acids
The primary fuel at rest is….
Triglycerides
The RER (respiratory exchange ratio) of an individual that is mainly oxidizing fat would be….
Close to 0.7
Eicosapentaenoic (EPA) & docosahexanoic acid (DHA) are examples of….
Omega-3
Trained aerobic athletes have a greater ability to oxidize fat due to…..
increased mitochondrial volume & density
Fatty acids….
are basically hydrocarbon chains of varying lengths, can be saturated or unsaturated, are an essential part of one’s diet.
What are the essential fatty acids that humans need in their diet since they do not make endogenously?
Linoleic acid & linolenic acid
In the resting fed state, RER will…
typically raise
Which exercise will preferentially oxidize fat as fuel during the event itself?
Hiking at an easy pace for 3hrs
Regarding maximal fat oxidation (MFO), what is true?
MFO is higher in women (when expressed as per unit FFM), MFO is higher in soccer players than American football players, MFO is higher in male athletes (when expressed in absolute terms)
Creatine supplementation plus resistance training increases…. and strength. Based on the magnitude inferences it appears that consuming creatine immediately post-workout is…to pre-workout vis a vis body composition & strength.
Fat-free mass, superior
Short-term data has shown that supplementation of creatine nitrate is….
well-tolerated and can significantly increase skeletal muscle creatine concentration
Creatine was first discovered through meat extraction in the 1830s by French scientist…
Michel Eugene Chevreul
The….,….., and……are the primary sites of endogenous creatine synthesis, utilizing the amino acids arginine, glycine, & methionine.
liver, kidney, & pancreas
The overwhelming majority (95%) of Cr is stored within….cells, while the remaining amounts (5%) are found within the brain, eye, kidneys, &…..
skeletal muscle, testes
In un-supplemented individuals, the body’s pool of creatine is approx…..grams. It is maintained through a combo of dietary intake & organ synthesis.
2
What food is likely to have the highest concentration of creatine?
herring