Multilevel governance in the 21st century

Question 1

Type of corruption

Answer 1

• Cost reducing corruption
• Cost enhancing corruption
• Benefit enhancing corruption
• Benefit reducing corruption

Question 2

Corruption definition (Agbiboa)

Answer 2

• Hinders political development and economic growth
• Complex socio-economic structure are responsible for corruption, making it hard to defy

Definitions
Corruption can be the act of bribery or at large the misuse of authority for personal gain -> political prostitution
Commonly used definition, however also criticized with flaws ‘‘behaviour which deviates from the formal duties of a public role because of private-regarding (personal, close family, private clique) pecuniary or status gains; or violates rules against the exercise of certain types of private-regarding influence. This includes such behavior as bribery (use of reward to pervert the judgement of a person in a position of trust); nepotism (bestowal of patronage by reason of ascriptive relationship rather than merit); and misappropriation (illegal appropriation of public resources for private-regarding uses).’’