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Multicellular organisms > Multicellular organisms - unit 2 > Flashcards

Multicellular organisms - unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is mitosis - cell division?

A

Cell division is the process in which a cell divides to form 2 identical
daughter cells

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2
Q

What are the steps of mitosis -cell division?

A

1 - the nucleus divides first followed by the cytoplasm

2 - the cytoplasm becomes pinched off between the two nuclei

3- 2 daughter cells are formed

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3
Q

What does cell division do?

A

Cell division produces new cells for growth and repair and occurs throughout the life of animals and plants

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4
Q

Mitosis produces new…

A
  • skin cells
  • blood cells in bone marrow
  • bone cells
  • muscle cells
  • petal cells, leaf cells, stem cells and root cells
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5
Q

What information does the nucleus contain?

A

The nucleus contains genetic information in the form of genes on chromosomes which are made of DNA

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6
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

A single strand which is part of a chromosome when the chromosome has 2 strands

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7
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes are thread-like structures found in the nucleus of plant and animal cells

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8
Q

What is the chromosome complement?

A

The chromosome complement is the number of chromosomes present in each cell

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9
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have in every body cell and how are they arranged?

A

Humans have 46 chromosomes in every body cell (except the gametes), arranged in 23 pairs

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10
Q

How many matching sets of chromosomes do humans have?

A

Humans have two matching sets of chromosomes, 23 in each set

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11
Q

What is a cell with two matching sets of chromosomes described as?

A

A cell with two matching sets of chromosomes is described as diploid

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12
Q

Describe mitosis in plant cell?

A

When a plant cell undergoes cell division, once the nucleus divides, this is followed by the formation of the cell wall, between two daughter cells

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13
Q

Describe mitosis in animal cells?

A

When the animal cell undergoes cell division, once the nucleus divides, this is followed by the formation of the cell membrane, between two daughter cells

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14
Q

What cells are produced by mitosis?

A

All plant and animal cells which develop from a fertilised egg cell, except the gametes, are produced by mitosis

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15
Q

Mitosis produces daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as?

A

Mitosis produces daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell

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16
Q

What do the daughter cells and parent cells have in common?

A

The daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cells

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17
Q

Mitosis produces cells which allow for?

A

Mitosis produces cells which allow for growth and repair to heal cuts, broken bones, replace worn out red blood cells and allow growth from child to adult

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18
Q

Why is it important that new cells that form when cells divide have the same number and type of chromosomes?

A

It is important that the new cells formed when cells divide have the same number and type of chromosome because this ensures the new cell receives a full set of genetic information

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19
Q

What would happen if the new cells that form, when cells divide, didn’t have the same number and type of chromosomes?

A

Any change or loss of information (not having the same number or type of chromosomes) would result in cells which could not function properly

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20
Q

What is cancer?

A

Cancer is a disease that starts in our own cells. A change in the DNA causes a special gene called “oncogene” to be switched on. This leads to uncontrollable cell reproduction by mitosis.

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21
Q

State the main events that occur during cell division in an animal cell?

A

The nucleus divides and the two daughter nuclei separate. The cytoplasm becomes pinched off and divided to form new cells.

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22
Q

In what way does cell division in a plant differ from that of an animal?

A

Nuclear division is followed by the formation of a new cell wall between the two cells. Whereas in animal cells the nuclear division is followed by the formation of a new cell membrane between the two cells.

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23
Q

Briefly describe the process of mitosis?

A

During mitosis, each chromosome, composed of two chromatids joined together by a centromere, becomes attached by the centromere to a spindle fibre, at the equator of the cell. When the centromere splits, one chromatid moves to the “north pole” and the other to the “south pole”

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24
Q

Why is it important that the diploid chromosome complement of daughter cells in a multicellular organism is maintained?

A

So that each cell receives a full set of chromosomes, carrying the genetic information needed for growth and the development of all the characteristics of its species.

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25
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Stem cells are unspecialised animal cells involved in growth and repair

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26
Q

How do stem cells reproduce?

A

Stem cells reproduce themselves indefinitely by mitosis, whilst remaining unspecialised.

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27
Q

When do stem cells develop into specialised cells and why?

A

Stem cells can develop into various types of specialised cells when required. One reason being to replace dead or damaged cells.

28
Q

What are the two types of stem cells?

A

Embryonic stem cells and Tissue/adult stem cells, are the two types of stem cells

29
Q

Describe Embryonic stem cells?

A

Embryonic stem cells are:

  • found in early embryos
  • have the ability to develop into any type of body cell
  • have potential to regenerate an entire organ from a few cells
30
Q

Describe Tissue/adult stem cells?

A

Tissue/adult stem cells are:

  • Found in various locations within a fully formed body (examples: bone marrow, blood and skin)
  • more limited potential than embryonic stem cells.

they can only replenish the supply of one or more types of specialised cells (example: stem cells in red bone marrow can only produce new blood cells)

31
Q

Can human stem cells be grown in cultures?

A

Human stem cells can be grown in cultures providing they have optimum conditions

32
Q

What are the stem cells from marrow in the centre of bones used for?

A

Marrow in the centre of bones is a source of a stem cell that is used to treat leukaemia

33
Q

What are the stem cells from the skin used for?

A

Stem cells from the skin are used to grow new layers of skin that can be used to treat burn victims

34
Q

What are stem cells from the heart muscle used for?

A

Stem cells from the heart muscle are used to repair damaged heart muscle after a heart attack (still being tested)

35
Q

What are stem cells from the bladder used for?

A

Stem cells from the bladder are used for building a new bladder in a lab for a patient whos bladder has been damaged by injury or disease

36
Q

What are Meristems?

A

Meristems are the area in a plant where growth takes place

37
Q

Where can meristems be found?

A

Meristems can be found at the tips of the shoots in plants or at the tip of the roots, protected by a group of cells called the root cap

38
Q

_______ takes place in meristems and produces______.

A

Cell division takes place in meristems and produces non-specialised cells

39
Q

What does cell division at meristems allow?

A

Cell division at meristems allows plants to grow.

40
Q

What is the difference between Meristemic cells and xylem tissue?

A

Xylem tissues are dead cells found in plants

41
Q

What is a stem cell? And identify TWO places in a human body where stem cells are found?

A

A stem cell is an unspecialised animal cell involved in growth and repair. Stem cells are found in bone marrow, blood and skin.

42
Q

Name two features of a stem cell that are not exhibited by a ciliated epithelial cell.

A

stem cells, but not ciliated epithelial cells, can reproduce themselves by cell division but remain unspecialised. Stem cells develop into various types of specialised cells when required to do so

43
Q

What is a meristem?

A

A group of non-specialised plant cells that undergo continuous cell division

44
Q

Identify TWO locations in a plant where a meristem would be found?

A

Root tip and shoot tip

45
Q

Give two differences between a meristematic cell and a xylem vessel

A

A meristematic cell is capable of cell division and is unspecialised. Xylem vessel can not undergo cell division and is specialised.

46
Q

cells are the _______ because it is the smallest unit that can ________________

A

cells are the basic units of life because it is the smallest unit that can lead to independent life

47
Q

What are specialised cells?

A

Specialised cells have a special shape or structure that allows them to carry out a specific function

48
Q

What does the head of a sperm cell contain?

A

The head of a sperm cell contains enzymes and nucleus

49
Q

Where is a sperm cell found and what is its function?

A

Sperm cell is found in the testes and is designed to fertilise eggs

50
Q

Why does the head of a sperm contain enzymes?

A

The head of sperm contains enzymes which allow it to digest into an egg cell and join with it

51
Q

Why do sperm have a long tail?

A

Sperm have a long tail that provides movement so that it can swim and find an egg cell

52
Q

List FOUR facts about a palisade cell

A

Palisade cells are:

1 - designed for photosynthesis
2 - found in the top of a leaf
3 - has a large surface area to absorb light efficiently
4 - packed with chloroplasts to help make plant food

53
Q

List FOUR facts about a ciliated cell

A

A ciliated cell :

1 - is designed to stop lung damage
2 - they line all the air passages in the lungs
3 - They have tiny hairs called cilia
4 - hairs sweep mucus with trapped dust and bacteria back up the throat

54
Q

What are root hair cells designed for and give two facts about root hair cells?

A

Root hair cells are designed for absorbing. They have a thin cell wall which makes it easy for minerals to pass through and a large surface which helps it absorb water and minerals

55
Q

List THREE facts about a nerve cell (neurone)

A

1 - a nerve cell (neurone) are long and made up of a cell body and axon.

2 - They have connections at each end and carry electrical signals.

3 - Their job is to carry nerve impulses to different parts of the body.

56
Q

What are FOUR facts about a cheek epithelial cell?

A

four facts about a cheek epithelial cell are:

1 - They have a flat, irregular shape

2 - Irregular shape allows cells to fit together

3 - They form a loose cover on the surface of cheek

4 - Their job is to protect the lining of the mouth

57
Q

List FOUR facts about a red blood cell?

A

Red blood cells are:

1 - designed to carry oxygen and found in the blood

2 - have a large surface area for oxygen to pass through

3 - they contain haemoglobin, which joins with oxygen

4 - They have NO nucleus

58
Q

What is the definition for Tissue?

A

Tissues are a group of cells specialised to perform a particular function(s)

examples:

1 - muscle tissue is made up of many muscle cells
2 - nervous tissue is made up of many nerve cells

59
Q

What is the definition of an organ?

A

An organ is made up of several different tissues that work together to perform one or more functions

eg. stomach, large intestine, liver OR flower, stem, leaf

60
Q

What is the definition of a system?

A

A system is made up of several different organs that work together to perform one or more functions

eg. the respiratory system is composed of the following organs: 
1 - bronchi (left & right bronchus) 
2- Alveoli 
3 - Ribs 
4 - Intercostal muscles 
5 - Pleural membranes 
6 - Diaphragm 
7- Trachea 
8 - lungs
61
Q

Describe structural feature possessed by some white blood cells that enables them to destroy disease-causing bacteria

A

They possess sacs of microbe-digesting enzymes

62
Q

State the function of cheek epithelial cells and explain how these cells are suited to perform this function?

A

Protection of the mouth lining, they are flat and irregular in shape, which allows them to fit together, forming a loose protective covering

63
Q

What is the role played of an axon of a motor neuron?

A

Transmission of nerve impulses

64
Q

State TWO functions of xylem tissue. Choose one of these and describe how a xylem vessel is structurally suited to perform it?

A

Support and transport water/minerals, the vessels are hollow tubes to allow this.

65
Q

Which part of the leaf is capable of photosynthesis?

A

Mesophyll cells

66
Q

In what wat are a leafs epidermal cells well suited to their role of protection?

A

Irregular shape allowing them to fit together like a jigsaw into a strong layer

Multicellular organisms (7 decks)

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